1. CML Centre of Environmental Science 1 Life Cycle Inventory Modeling using Integrated Hybrid Model Sangwon Suh - With a case study of Linoleum

2. CML Centre of Environmental Science 2 Reference Lave et al., 1995 Lenzen, 2001 Estimated truncation 50% 9~52% Method 1 st order upstream 3 rd order (energy) 1. Introduction Calculated truncation in “SETAC” LCI

3. CML Centre of Environmental Science 3 [Lave et al., 1995][Lenzen, 2001] 1. Introduction

4. CML Centre of Environmental Science 4 [Moriguchi et al., 1993] [Hendrickson et al, 1998] [Joshi, 2000] Alternative : Input-output based LCI 1. Introduction

5. CML Centre of Environmental Science 5 Activated carbon and charcoal Alkali metals Alumina Aluminum chloride Aluminum compounds Aluminum hydroxide (alumina trihydrate) Aluminum oxide Aluminum sulfate Alums Ammonia alum Ammonium chloride, hydroxide, and molybdate Ammonium compounds, except for fertilizer Ammonium perchlorate Ammonium thiosulfate Barium compounds Bauxite, refined Beryllium oxide Bleach (calcium hypochlorite), industrial Bleach (sodium hypochlorite), industrial Bleaches, industrial Bleaching powder, industrial Borax (sodium tetraborate) Boric acid Boron compounds, not produced at mines Borosilicate Brine Bromine, elemental Calcium carbide, chloride, and hypochlorite Calcium compounds, inorganic Calcium metal Carbide Catalysts, chemical Cerium salts Cesium metal Charcoal, activated SIC 2819- Industrial inorganic chemicals, NEC 182 items 1. Introduction

6. CML Centre of Environmental Science 6 Objectives Systematic LCI modeling : Integrated hybrid model Empirical test using existing case study 1. Introduction

7. CML Centre of Environmental Science 7 Hybrid LCI modeling LCI [Heijungs, 1994] : Physical unit/operation time IOA [Stone, et al., 1963] : Monetary unit/total production 2. Methodology Integrating computational structure of Full interaction between processes and economy

8. CML Centre of Environmental Science 8 2. Methodology Hybrid matrix

9. CML Centre of Environmental Science 9 0.263$ Solvent Lacquer Production 0.031$ Ind.Bld Industrial Org.Chem Chem.Ind. Installat ’ n

10. CML Centre of Environmental Science 10 Total intervention Intervention by processes Intervention by IO comm. Technology matrix of P Inflows from IO Outflows from P Technology matrix of IO Final demand 0 = 2. Methodology

11. CML Centre of Environmental Science 11 2. Methodology Required treatment IO part 1.Inclusion of domestic and imported capital and current commodity 2. Price update: the base year of the IO table  current price 3.Subtraction of the portion of commodity flows represented by the product based system LCA part 1.Allocation 2.Price adjustment (consumer’s price vs. producer’s price)

12. CML Centre of Environmental Science 12 Linoleum [Gorree, et al., 2000] Main data gaps - production & transportation of pesticides, fertilizer S, additives, solvent, adhesives, catalysts - Capital goods 3. Case study

13. CML Centre of Environmental Science 13 Cost composition table/cost estimation for cut-offs Capital requirements estimation Link estimated cost to each IO cell Procedure 3. Case study

14. CML Centre of Environmental Science 14 Cost composition table Capital requirements estimation - Linseed oil, Tall oil, …(12 major ingredients) - Catalysts, fertilizer S, … (8 cut-off flows) - Industrial building, material handling equipment,…(3 capitals) - Linseed oil, Tall oil, …(12 major ingredients) 3. Case study

15. CML Centre of Environmental Science 15 3 Cases - Baseline (Existing LCI) - Hybrid (Cut-offs and capitals : 38 links) - IO LCI (Miscellaneous floor coverings) 3. Case study

16. CML Centre of Environmental Science 16 4. Result

17. CML Centre of Environmental Science 17 Baseline Hybrid Max IO LCI 0% 5% ~ 73% (avg. 18%) -85% ~ 124% (avg. 3%) Percent change 4. Result Summary

18. CML Centre of Environmental Science 18 4. Result Sources of difference Process based LCAIO based LCATruncationIncomplete data Aggregation Base year difference Price difference Use of IO based result should be limited

19. CML Centre of Environmental Science 19 1.Both process and IO based LCI suffer from their inherent problems: truncation and aggregation 2. Hybrid LCI : technology matrix of LCI be fully integrated to national accounts 5. Conclusion Conclusion

20. CML Centre of Environmental Science 20 3. Hybrid method as worked out: capturing most of the flows without loss of process specific data 4. Limitations of this study - IO data only covers national economy - Inclusion of capital goods can be improved 5. Conclusion

21. CML Centre of Environmental Science 21 Missing Inventory Estimation Tool (MIET) Download @ http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/software/miet CMLCA Download @ http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/software/cmlca Software information