1. Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d This material (Comp4_Unit1d) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC000015.

2. Basic Computing Concepts Including History Learning Objectives 2 Define what a computer is (Lecture a) Describe different types of computers, including PCs, mobile devices and embedded computers (Lecture a) Define the common elements of computer systems (Lecture a) Describe the various hardware and software options for typical desktop, laptop and server systems for home and business use with a focus on healthcare systems (Lectures b and c) Explain the development of computers and the Internet, including healthcare systems, up until the present time. (Lecture d and e) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

3. The First "Computers" The word "computer" was first recorded in 1613 Referred to a person who performed calculations Evidence of counting is traced to at least 35,000 BC Ishango Bone Tally Stick (Museum of Natural Science, Brussels, nd.) 3 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

4. Abacus—The First Calculator Invented by Babylonians in 2400 BC — many subsequent versions Used for counting before there were written numbers Still used today (Encyclopedia Brittanica, 1875) (PD-1923) 4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

5. Slide Rules John Napier (Freeman, 1773-1857) PD-1923 William Oughtred (Public domain, nd.) PD-1923 By the Middle Ages, number systems were developed John Napier discovered/developed logarithms at the turn of the 17 th century William Oughtred used logarithms to invent the slide rule in 1621 in England Used for multiplication, division, logarithms, roots, trigonometric functions Used until early 70s when electronic calculators became available Slide Rule (The New International Encyclopædia, 1905) PD-1923 5 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

6. Mechanical Computers Use mechanical parts to automate calculations Limited operations First one was the ancient Antikythera computer from 150 BC Used gears to calculate position of sun and moon Fragment of Antikythera mechanism (National Archaeological Museum, Athens, No. 15987); CC BY-SA 3.0 6 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

7. Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519, Italy Leonardo DaVinci (Public domain, nd.) PD-1923 Two notebooks discovered in 1967 showed drawings for a mechanical calculator A replica was built soon after Leonardo da Vinci's notes and design for a mechanical calculator( Public domain, nd.) PD-1923 7 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

8. Blaise Pascal 1623-1662, France Blaise Pascal (??) Pascaline machine (Monniaux, 2005) (CC BY-SA 3.0). Arithmetic machine based on the technology of gears Output achieved by observing position of gears Built to perform only addition ~ 50 machines created to add sums of money 8 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

9. Gottfried von Liebniz 1646-1716, Germany Stepped Reckoner A variety of arithmetic operations Algorithms were embedded in the hardware /architecture von Liebniz (Public domain image, PD-US) Stepped Reckoner (Public domain, nd.) (PD-1923) 9 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

10. Charles Babbage 1792-1871, England Difference Engine (demonstration model only) Charles Babbage (Public domain, 1871) (PD-1923) Difference Engine model at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California 10 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d (Cronin, A. / Canticle, 2009. CC-BY-SA-3.0)

11. Analytical Engine –designed to read instructions in the form of holes in paper cards. i.e. programmable –based on Jacquard's punched cards for weaving (Wichary, 2006. CC BY 2.0) Analytical Engine Mill 11 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d Jacquard Loom (Williams, 2004. PD-US)

12. First Programmer Ada Byron (Lady Lovelace) wrote the first computer programs for this machine Would have been able to compute a mathematical sequence known as Bernoulli numbers Ada Byron (Lady Lovelace) (Chalon,1840. PD-1923). 12 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

13. National Library of Medicine 13 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d Started at this time in 1836 as Library of Surgeon General Early leader, John Shaw Billings, took over in 1865 –Grew the collection –Began to organize and classify the collection –Started Index Medicus (online version now is MEDLINE)

14. Electromechanical Computers 14 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d Electricity was developed in the 19 th century Information could now be represented by electrical impulses Computers were created to use electricity along with mechanical gears

15. Herman Hollerith 1860-1929, USA Created the tabulating machine for the 1890 Census with prompting by John Shaw Billings Started the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 Sold it to TJ Watson in 1914 Became part of IBM (US Census, nd. PD-US) 15 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d (Bell, circa 1849-1893. PD-1923)

16. Punched Cards Pantograph for creating punched cards for the Tabulating Machine (US Census, nd. PD-US) Punched card (Public domain, nd. PD-US) 16 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

17. First Generation General Purpose Computers 17 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d Based on electronically controlled mechanical gears (relays) 1930 Vannevar Bush, Differential Analyzer 1937 Bell labs, George Stibitz, Model K 1941 Konrad Zuse, Germany, Z1, Z3, Z4 1944, Harvard, Howard Aiken and IBM engineers, Mark 1

18. First Computer Bug! (US Navy, 1947. PD-US) 18 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

19. First Generation General Purpose Computers (continued) 19 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d Based on vacuum tubes 1937-1941: Atanasoff-Berry at Iowa State 1940s: Colossus: secret German code- breaker 1940s: Electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC): Mauchly & Eckert at U. of Penn.

20. ENIAC The ENIAC (US Army, c. 1947 – 1955. PD-US) 20 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

21. Women Were the First Programmers! Computers were used to calculate ballistics tables during WWII Men were off at war Women were hired to program the computers Gloria Ruth Gorden, left, and Ester Gerston wiring the right side of the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), circa 1946. (Muus, nd. PD-US) 21 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

22. Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) First commercially available computer, 1951, Remington Rand At this same time, Robert Ledley started using computers for dental records at National Bureau of Standards (US Army, nd. PD-US) 22 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

23. Second Generation: Transistors First transistor 1947, Bell laboratories, germanium Silicon transistors soon followed Smaller, used less power, generated less heat than vacuum tubes IBM 1401 used transistors (de:Benutzer:Honina, nd. CC BY-SA 3.0) 23 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

24. Third Generation: Integrated Circuits and Minicomputers 24 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d Robert Noyce and Jack St. Clair Kilby invented the integrated circuit Large mainframes used integrated circuits to increase processing speed and storage Minicomputers, such as the PDP and VAX computers could be smaller because of the integrated circuit

25. Fourth Generation: Microcomputers Intel released first microprocessor chip: the 4004 in 1971 for desktop calculators Intel 8080 was released in 1974, 4500 transistors – first general purpose microprocessor Microcomputers not meant to replace minicomputers (Pilge, 2006) 25 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

26. Supercomputers Supercomputers at the time used integrated circuits Cray Supercomputers started in 1976 Still in business Used vector processors to do operations in parallel (Rama, 2005. CC BY-SA 2.0) 26 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

27. Early Electronic Medical Records 27 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d At this time, early EMRs were developed Dr. Morris Collen began storing patient data at Kaiser Permanente in the late 1960s COSTAR was developed at Massachusetts General in 1968 Health Evaluation through Logical Processing (HELP) was started at LDS Hospital in 1967 The concepts and plans that eventually became VA VistA were developed in 1970s

28. Basic Computing Concepts Including History Summary – Lecture d 28 Humans have counted for tens of thousands of years –Developed tools for aiding and recording –Mechanical devices preceded electricity First general purpose electronic computers developed during WWII Technology advanced –Smaller –Faster –Less expensive By the 1970s used in businesses, academics and government –EMRs were started at this time Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

29. Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – Lecture d 29 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d References A Brief History of NLM. [Website]. 2011 Feb 18. [cited 2011 Nov 18]; available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/about/briefhistory.html. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/about/briefhistory.html Abacus. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 Oct 16; [cited 2011 Nov 18]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus Antikythera Mechanism. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 Nov 18 [cited 2011 Nov 18]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism Collen, Morris Frank B.E.E., M.D. A History of Medical Informatics in the United States: 1950 – 1990. Indianapolis: BooksCraft, Inc.; 1995. Dalakov, Georgi. History of Computers. [Website]. 2011 Nov 17. [cited 2011 Nov 18]. Available from: http://history- computer.com/http://history- computer.com/ ENIAC Programmers Project. [Website]. c2008. [cited 2011 Nov 18]; available from: http://eniacprogrammers.org/http://eniacprogrammers.org/ Erez Kaplan: http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.htmlhttp://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html History of Computing Hardware. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 March 18; [cited 22 March 2010]; Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware History of Computing. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 March 9; [cited 22 March 2011]; Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing San Diego Supercomputing Center. Women in Science. 1999 Jun 17; [cited 2011 Nov 18]; available from: http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/index.html http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/index.html US Census Bureau History. [Website]. 2011 Oct 3. [cited 2011 Nov 18]; available from: http://www.census.gov/history/www/innovations/technology/. http://www.census.gov/history/www/innovations/technology/

30. Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – Lecture d (continued) Images Slide 3: Ishango Bone Tally Stick; two points of view. Museum of Natural Sciences, Brussels (nd.) http://ishango.naturalsciences.be/Flash/flash_local/Ishango-22-EN.html. Retrieved November 2011 from the Museum of Natural Sciences, Brussels, website: http://www.naturalsciences.be/. http://ishango.naturalsciences.be/Flash/flash_local/Ishango-22-EN.htmlhttp://www.naturalsciences.be/ Slide 5: Abacus. Article for "abacus", 9th edition Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 1 (1875). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abacus_6.png. Retrieved November 2011 from Wikimedia Commons website, http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abacus_6.pnghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 6: John Napier. Engraving by Samuel Freeman (1773-1857). From Robert Chambers (ed.), A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen, Vol. 4, facing page 88. Glasgow: Blackie & Son Ltd, 1835. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Napier.JPG. Retrieved November 2011 from Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image.Robert ChambersA Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Napier.JPGhttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 6: Slide Rule. The New International Encyclopædia (1905). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NIE_1905_Slide_rule.jpg. Retrieved November 2011 from Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NIE_1905_Slide_rule.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 6: William Oughtred (nd.). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oughtred.jpg. Retrieved from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oughtred.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 7: Fragment of Antikythera mechanism. (National Archaeological Museum, Athens, No. 15987). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg. Retrieved from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.orgCreativeShare Alike 3.0 Unported Slide 8: Leonardo da Vinci's notes and design for a mechanical calculator. January, 2008. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A1quina_de_sumar_de_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A1quina_de_sumar_de_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 8: The Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Adding Machine. Erez Kaplan: http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html 30 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

31. Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – Lecture d (continued) Images (continued) Slide 9: Pascaline machine. (© 2005, David Monniaux / ). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-SA 3.0).David Monniauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.orgCreative CommonsAttribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Slide 10: Portrait of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. Francke, C.B., c. 1700. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image, PD-US. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 10: Image of drawing of the Stepped Reckoner by Hermann Julius Meyer, 1893. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leibniz_Stepped_Reckoner_drawing.png. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image, PD-1923. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leibniz_Stepped_Reckoner_drawing.pnghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 11: Portrait of Charles Babbage. (1871) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Babbage_1860.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image, PD- 1923.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Babbage_1860.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 11 Model of Difference Engine at Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA (Cronin, A. / Canticle, 2009. CC-BY-SA-3.0). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Difference_engine.JPG. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, CC-BY-SA-3.0; Released under the GNU Free Documentation License.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Difference_engine.JPGhttp://commons.wikimedia.orgCreative CommonsAttribution-Share Alike 3.0 UnportedGNU Free Documentation License Slide 12: Modern model of Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine Mill. Wichary, M. (2006, August 11). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Analytical_Engine_(2290032530).jpg. Retrieved November 2011, from Wikipedia website: http://en.wikipedia.org. Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license, (CC BY 2.0). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Analytical_Engine_(2290032530).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org Slide 12: Close-up view of the punch cards used by Jacquard loom on display at the museum of science and industry. Williams, G.H. (2004, July). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg. Public domain (PD-US).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg Slide 13: Ada Byron (Lady Lovelace). Chalon, A.E. (1840). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ada_lovelace.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from Wikipedia website: http://en.wikipedia.org. Public domain image (PD-1923).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ada_lovelace.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org 31 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

32. Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – Lecture d (continued) Images (continued) Slide 15: Herman Hollerith. Bell, Charles Milton (circa 1849 - 1893). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hollerith.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain (PD-1923). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hollerith.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 15: Woman using Tabulating Machine. US Census (nd.) http://www.census.gov/history/www/census_then_now/notable_alumni/herman_hollerith.html. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the US Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov. Public domain (PD-US). http://www.census.gov/history/www/census_then_now/notable_alumni/herman_hollerith.htmlhttp://www.census.gov Slide 17: Pantograph for creating punched cards for the Tabulating Machine. US Census (nd.) http://www.census.gov/history/img/pantograph.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the US Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov. Public domain (PD-US). http://www.census.gov/history/img/pantograph.jpg http://www.census.gov Slide 17 Punched card. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.png. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain (PD-US).http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.pnghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 19: Computer log, with the entry: "First actual case of bug being found". Courtesy of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren, VA., 1988. US Navy (September, 1947). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:H96566k.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image (PD-US).http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:H96566k.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 21: ENIAC. US Army, c. 1947 – 1955. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eniac.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain (PD-US).http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eniac.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 22: Gloria Ruth Gorden, left, and Ester Gerston wiring the right side of the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), circa 1946.U.S. Army photo, from archives of the ARL Technical Library, courtesy of Mike Muuss. Public domain PD-US. 32 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d

33. Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – Lecture d (continued) Images (continued) Slide 23: UNIVAC I computer. US Army (nd.) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Univac-I-Navy-Electronics-Supply- Office-BRL61-0992.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain (PD-US).http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Univac-I-Navy-Electronics-Supply- Office-BRL61-0992.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 24: Transistors. de:Benutzer:Honina (nd.) http://www.at-mix.de/transistor.htm. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikipedia website: http://enwikipedia.org. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-SA3.0).http://www.at-mix.de/transistor.htmhttp://enwikipedia.orgCreative CommonsAttribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Slide 26: Intel 4004 microprocessor chip. Pilge, J. (2006) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C4004.JPG.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain (PD-US).http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C4004.JPG.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org Slide 27: Cray-1 computer at EPFL at Lausanne. Rama (2006) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cray-1- p1010221.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 France license (CC BY-SA 2.0). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cray-1- p1010221.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.orgCreative CommonsAttribution-Share Alike 2.0 France 33 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture d