1. The Rise of Europe and the Middle Ages

2. Early Middle Ages Importance New Civilizations Latin Christendom
The Concept of a common European civilization evolved during this time which integrated Christian, Greco- Roman, and Germanic traditions
Christianity was at the center of all institutions, with Rome as the spiritual capital.
Latin became the dominant language among the intellectual elite.
Latin Christendom
Byzantium
Islam

3. The Fall of the Western Roman Empire
By 395 AD, the Roman Empire was formally divided into two empires: East and West. With the invasion of Germanic forces from the north, the Western Roman Empire was conquered and further divided. This left the eastern part of the Roman empire to carry on the Greco- Roman tradition.

4. Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire was both Christian and Greek.
Greek became the empire’s official language, but the empire was built on the Eastern Orthodox Church.
A great deal of artistic talent went into church building, church ceremonies, and church decoration to honor this Christian faith.

5. Reign of Justinian ( )
Justinian became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527.
He wanted to restore the full Roman Empire.

6. The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian
map depicts the Empire at the death of Justinian I, as sole Emperor, sometimes in concert, and sometimes in conflict, with his powerful wife Theodora.

7. Justinian and Theodora
Justinian ruled as an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire
Empire reached its greatest size
Created Justinian’s Code – which organized all the laws of ancient Rome.

8. Byzantine Empire The emperor’s power was absolute
chosen by God and crowned in sacred ceremonies.
Byzantines believed that God had commanded their state to preserve the true Christian faith.

9. Justinian
He exercised political control over the Eastern Orthodox Church by appointing the head of the Church, the patriarch.
Justinian’s most important contribution was his codification of Roman law in The Body of Civil Law.
It was the basis of imperial law until the Eastern Roman Empire

10. Justinian’s Code of Laws
Laws were fairer to women. They could own property and raise their own children after their husbands died.
Children allowed to choose their own marriage partners.
Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters.
Punishments were detailed and fit the crime
His work inspired the modern concept and, indeed, the very spelling of "justice".

11. Life in Constantinople
Justinian rebuilt Constantinople in 532 after riots had destroyed much of the city.
the largest city in Europe during the Middle Ages

12. Constantinople Population estimated in the hundreds of thousands.
Up to the twelfth century Constantinople was Europe’s chief center for trading goods

13. The New Rome-Constantinople
The Byzantine Empire was wealthy and produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine.
It traded these for spices, ivory and precious stones from countries as far away as China and India along the Silk Road trade routes.

14. Constantinople
Justinian built an immense palace, hundreds of churches,
A Hippodrome (horse racing track)
extensive public works, including immense underground reservoirs for the city’s water supply.

15. Hagia Sophia
His greatest building was the Hagia Sophia— Church of the Holy Wisdom—completed
in 537. An enormous dome crowns four large piers. The dome seems to float in space.
Forty-two windows ring the base, which creates an incredible play of light in the church. The light symbolizes the presence of God in the world.

16. Hagia Sophia Before the attack of the Ottomans in 1453

17. Hagia Sophia Today

18. Inside Hagia Sophia

19. Trouble
The Byzantine Empire was troubled by a growing split between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.
The Eastern Church would not accept the pope as the head of the Christian faith.
In 1054 Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated each other.
This created a schism, or separation, between these two branches of Christianity.
The schism has not completely healed even today.

20. Byzantine Empire
ended in It also became the basis for much of the legal system of Europe.
By the beginning of the eighth century, the much-reduced Eastern Roman Empire consisted only of the eastern Balkans and Asia Minor.
Historians call this smaller Eastern Roman empire the Byzantine Empire.
It was its own distinctive civilization and lasted until 1453.

21. The End of the Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine empire drew to a close in when forces from the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople.
The ancient Christian city was renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

22. Islam 570 AD-Muhammad was born into a trader’s life.
Later, he said that Gabriel asked him to be a profit from God.
As Muhammad traveled across Arabia he gained more and more followers.

23. Islam
The Qur’an,according to Muslims, is the word of God as told to Muhammad
Jihadis the defense of the faith, while being tolerant of others.
Mosques are gathering places for prayer.
Profession of the Faith.
5 Daily Prayers
Paying Zakat (tax)
Fasting during Ramadan
Pilgrimage to Mecca

24. Spread of Islam Islam began to spread into Asia and N. Africa.
Around 661 AD, Muslims split into Sunni and Shi’ah groups. Sunnis-Group decisions Shi’ah-Decisions by leader
Similar divisions still exist today

25. Western Europe in Decline
The Roman Empire
Spread of classical ideas, the Latin language, and Christianity
Collapse of Rome: Political, social, and economic decline
A.D.
Invaders
Slowed trade
Empty towns
No new classical learning

26. The Rise of the Germanic Kingdoms
Goths, Vandals, Saxons, and Franks
Different culture: Farmers and herders
No written laws
Unwritten customs
Kings were elected
Warriors swore loyalty
Little kingdoms

27. Germanic Kingdoms
Germanic people began moving into Rome in the 3rd century
Visigoths occupied Spain & Italy until the Ostrogoths took control of Italy in the 5th century
By 500 Western Roman empire had became # of states ruled by German kings
Germanic Angles & Saxons = Anglo-Saxons moved into Britain in 5th century
Clovis-Christian convert, established Frankish kingdom -500

29. The Franks Extend their Power
486: Clovis and Gaul
Frankish custom that preserved the Roman legacy
Converted to Christianity
Powerful allies are gained

30. Germanic Kingdoms
Clovis converted to Christianity after calling for Jesus help during battle – the enemy fled after the plea
Clovis gained support of the Roman Catholic Church
By 510, Clovis established Frankish kingdom from Pyrenees to present day Germany
After Clovis death, his sons divided the kingdom
Germans & Romans intermarried = German customs had an important role
Extended family was center of society

31. Germanic Kingdoms
Extended families in German society worked together & defended each other during violent times
Germanic law was personal, one injuring another led to a savage blood feuds
Wergild (money for a man) system was developed to avoid bloodshed after crimes such as murder/ wrongdoer paid the injured party’s family a set amount of money which varied by social status

32. Role of the Church
Christianity became main religion of Roman empire by 4th century
Roman church developed a system of organization
Priests was head of parishes – local communities
Bishop was head of diocese - a group of parishes or bishopric
Archbishop – head of groups of diocese
Bishop of Rome became known as Pope – the head of what is now known as the Roman Catholic Church

34. Archdiocese/Archbishop
Pope
Patriarch
Archdiocese/Archbishop
Bishop/Diocese
Gregory I
Priest/Parish

35. Roman Catholic Church
Pope claim was based on the belief that Jesus gave Peter the keys to Heaven
Peter was considered to be the chief apostle & the first bishop of Rome
Bishops who succeeded Peter were called popes = Latin word for “papa” – father
Western Christians accepted the pope as the church’s leader, but could not agree on the pope’s powers
Gregory I strengthened power by taking political control of Rome & surrounding territories

36. Role of Church
Gregory – pope from , extended papal authority over the Western Church & actively converted non-Christians
Monk = man who separates himself from the rest of the world to become closer to God/ Monasticism is the practice of living like a monk
Saint Benedict founded an order of Monks & wrote rules for their practice
Benedict’s rules divided the day into activities; emphasizing prayer & physical labor to keep monks busy

37. Role of Church
Monks meditated & read privately/ They prayed together seven times a day
All aspects of Benedict life was communal
Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine monastery
Monks were to obey the Abbot/ took a vowel of poverty/monks dedication made then new heroes of Christian civilization/ were social workers in communities
Monks spread Christianity throughout Europe/Irish & English monks were enthusiastic missionaries

38. A Muslim Empire Threatens Europe
The religion of Islam: 600s
Muslim armies overran Christian lands
France
Charles Martel a.k.a. “The Hammer”
Battle of Tours: 732
Abd-er Rahman & Charles Martel meet them at the Loire River

39. Regional States
Germanic invaders toppled Rome’s authority in the late 5th Century A.D. but no clear successor to centralized authority emerged
The Franks temporarily revived empire; the high point of which was the reign of Charlemagne from

40. Charlemagne Charles “the Hammer’s” grandson Pepin the Short’s son
Impressive king
Social attributes – loved by the people
The Franks were legendary fighters that combine with the barbarian tribes

41. Charlemagne
600 & 700’s, Frankish kings lost their power to the chief officers of the king’s household = mayor’s of the palace
Pepin assumed the kingship
Pepin’s son became king after his death in 768 = son was Charles the Great – Charlemagne
Charlemagne = one of history’s great kings/ curious, driven, intelligent, strong warrior, devout Christian/ was illiterate, but strongly supported learning
Ruled from 768 to 814/ Expanded the Frankish kingdom into Carolingian empire = covered much of western & central Europe

42. New Emperor of the Romans
799: Pope Leo III asks for help
Christmas Day 800: Charlemagne is crowned emperor
Significance: Revival of a united Christian community (Christendom) & power struggles between future popes and Germanic emperors

43. The real story… Pope Leo’s true desire Taxes to the church
Land controlled by the church
Church = absolute power
Pursuing his goals
799: uprising = Charlemagne’s help
Christmas 800 A.D.

44. Charlemagne
Charlemagne established missi dominci (messengers of the lord king) two men who were sent to make for sure the kings wishes were followed
800, he was crowned emperor of the Romans/ the coronation symbolized the coming together of the Roman, Christian, & Germanic elements that forged European civilization
Carolingian Renaissance was promoted by Charlemagne desire to promote learning
Benedictine monks played important role in revival of learning

45. Charlemagne’s Empire

46. Fall of Carolingian empire
Charlemagne died in 814/ by 844 Carolingian empire divided into 3 kingdoms by grandsons
Muslims invaded southern France
Magyars settled on the plains of Hungary
Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia) attacked the empire
Vikings were superb warriors & shipbuilders/ famed dragon ships carrying about 50 men could go shallow rivers to attack inland
9th century, Vikings settled in Europe
911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of Normandy

48. The Rise of Feudalism
a political and economic system based on land- holding and protective alliances, emerges in Europe.

49. Invaders Attack Western Europe
The Vikings Invade from the North
Warlike Vikings raid Europe from Scandinavia— Denmark, Norway, Sweden
Viking long ships sail in shallow water, allowing raids inland
Eventually, many Vikings adopt Christianity and become farmers
Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South
Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade western Europe in late 800s
Muslims strike north from Africa, attacking through Italy and Spain
Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause widespread disorder, suffering

50. A New Social Order: Feudalism
Feudalism Structures Society
850 to 950, feudalism emerges—political system based on land control
A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services
Vassals—people who receive fiefs—become powerful landholders
The Feudal Pyramid
Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, with king at the top
Kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom
Knights—horsemen— defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs

51. Social Classes Are Well Defined
Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups those who fight: nobles and knights
those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church, those who work: peasants
Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants
Most peasants are serfs—people lawfully bound to place of birth
Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord