2. Last Word: Chapter 26.1 Reading Guide due Wed.; QR reader FrontPage: What comes to mind when you hear the word, “Islam”? Spice up Goodwill paintings by adding monsters

3. The Beliefs and Teachings of…

5. Historical Background to Islam Pre-Islamic Arabia – Home to nomadic herders, small towns (Mecca and Yathrib) Each tribe had own god, worshipped at the Kaaba in Mecca Mohammed born in Mecca around 570 CE (AD) Became an orphan, raised by his uncle; married Khadija Revelation of Mohammed in cave outside Mecca (around 610) Begins preaching; few people listen at first; eventually more begin to follow and this angers local leaders The “Hejira” In 622 Forced to flee to Yathrib (Medina) Year 1 of the Muslim calendar Builds a following in Medina; returns to Mecca and conquers the city in 630 At the time of his death in 632, Islam had become the dominant religion across the Arabian peninsula

6. Major Beliefs of Islam The Basics Holy Books The “5 Pillars”

7. The Basics Islam means “submission” or “surrender”, to God Muslims believe in only one God; Named “Allah” “Same” God as the Christians and Jews For this reason, Mohammed gave them a special, protected status Called them “People of the Book” because of their similar beliefs **But also believe in angels, demons, life after death

8. Muhammed Considered a direct descendent of Abraham, original leader of the Hebrews Muslims believe he received divine revelations for 23 years after 610CE Muslims also believe he is the last prophet Moses, Jesus, Abraham, others

9. Holy Books The Koran (Quran, Q’ran) The “holy book” of Islam Contains the word of God as spoken through Mohammed Contains 114 suras, or chapters Most parts are commandments or warnings, with very few stories Hadiths (a.k.a. “Sunna”) – collections of the sayings and actions of Mohammed Used to bring clarification to certain ideas

11. 5 Pillars of Islam Muslims are required to follow these 5 “pillars” (activities which are central to Islam) Shahadah (“witnessing”) Salat (“prayer”) Zakat (“charity”) Sawm (“fasting”) Hajj (“pilgrimage”)

12. Shahadah (“witnessing”) Muslims are required to recite the following: "I bear witness that there is no God other than Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammed is His messenger." (“ Ashadu alla ilaha illa Allah, wa ashadu anna Muhammed ar-rasool Allah“.) ** Most Muslims recite this daily; required simply to recite once in a lifetime

13. Salat (“prayer”) 5 times a day, Muslims are required to face the Kaaba (Mecca) and pray Before sunrise (Fajr), after the noon hour (Zuhr), m id-afternoon (Asr), after sunset (Magrib) and night (I sha) Involves several steps/procedures Wuudu – cleansing before the prayer Reciting your intentions, bowing, standing

14. The Mosque Islamic house of worship No set design; must contain certain parts Mihrab – indicates the direction of Mecca Must have a roofed area in front of the mihrab Usually have minarets Towers where the muezzin call Muslims to pray The prayer call is named “athan” or “adhan”

18. Charity (“zakat”) Also called “alms- giving” Muslims are required to give 2.5% of their yearly savings Muslims must have a certain amount to be able to give

19. Fasting (“sawm”) During the lunar month of Ramadan Believed to be the month when Gabriel appeared to Mohammed Dawn to sunset fast for 29/30 days (no food or drink) Required for all Muslims above the age of 13 (girls) and 14 (boys) Exemptions for aged, sick and pregnant women

20. Fasting - Benefits Piety: Help believers to become more holy and increases their faith. Learn self-control: Helpful to control bad habits like smoking, excessive eating Experience/sympathize with the pain of poor starving people. Feel the weakness of one’s body and the continuous need for God’s support.

21. Hajj (Pilgrimage) Pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime for able Muslims About 2-3 million Muslims perform Hajj each year from all over the world. Perform acts related to historical events in the history of Islam Limits have been placed on how many people can enter Saudi Arabia for the hajj

22. The Kabaa (“the cube”) Most sacred site in all of Islam Muslims must face it during prayer no matter where they are Located inside of the most sacred mosque in all of Islam – Haram mosque Built first by Abraham Essentially a large stone building with a marble floor

23. Inside the Kabaa

24. The Hajj

25. Jihad - A Sixth Pillar of Islam? Some Muslims consider jihad, (“struggle”) to be a sixth pillar of Islam There are actually several different types of jihad Personal – “inner struggle” to cleanse the spirit of sin Verbal – to strive for justice with right speech and non-violent actions Physical – use of force in defense of Islam **This last type of jihad has been the source of much controversy…

26. Review: What happened after Mohammed built a following in Medina? What is one basic belief of Islam? What is the holy book in Islam called? What are the 5 Pillars of Islam? Which Muslim belief is considered by some to be a 6 th pillar of Islam?