1. Notes Also At www.manskopf.com
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Chapter 19
Mr. Manskopf
Notes Also At

2. Love Canal, New York When Waste is Not Disposed of Properly
1942 to 1958 Hooker Chemicals Disposal Site
1953 Sold to Niagara Falls School Board (school, housing)
1976 Residents becoming sick
1978 Lois Gibbs leads outcry
1980 Declared Disaster Site
2004 Taken off Superfund List

3. Section 1: Wasting Resources
Why should we care about solid waste?
How much waste does the U.S. produce?
What is in the garbage?
The throw away mentality: OUT of SIGHT… OUT OF MIND

4. Solid Waste Two Reasons to Be Concerned: Wasted Resources
Unwanted or discarded material that is not liquid or gas
Out of sight Out of Mind
No Waste In Nature
Two Reasons to Be Concerned:
Wasted Resources
Causes huge amounts of air, water, land pollution and soil erosion

5. Wasting Resources Industrial and agricultural waste
Municipal solid waste
Fig p. 533
US: 11 billion metric tons/year

6. Affluenza In Action
U.S. produces 1/3rd of world’s solid waste and buries ½ of it
Most waste comes from mining, oil, gas, ag., sewage, industry
Think about a simple product like a computer…how much waste produced to create it (Life Cycle)

7. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
1.5% of Solid Waste is MSW
Between 1960 and 1990 per capita MSW grown 70%...why do you think that is?
38% is paper, 12% yard waste, 11% food waste, 10% platics
E-Waste Growing FAST

8. MSW

10. MSW Continued… Garbologists findings
50 year old newspapers still readable
Pork Chops decades old
WHY DO THEY NOT DECOMPOSE????.....what do things need to decompose

11. MSW Continued…
Enough disposable diapers each year linked together would go to moon and back 7 times
Enough office paper to build a wall 11 feet high between NYC and SF

12. What are the options for dealing with waste?
Waste management (high waste approach)
Waste is part of economic growth, lets manage negatives
Burying, burning, shipping
Waste prevention (low waste approach)
Before product is produced look to minimize life cycle
Reduce, reuse, recycle

13. Six Ideas For Less Waste
Consume less: Do we Really NEED this?
Redesign products to use less resources: How can we make this product using less resources throughout their life cycle
Redesign to use and make less pollution: Toxic substances etc.

14. Six Ideas For Less Waste
4) Develop products that are easier to repair, reuse, remanufacture, compost or recycle
5) Design products to last longer
6) Eliminate or reduce packaging (nude packaging)

16. Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

17. Burning and Burying
What are advantages and disadvantages of burning solid waste?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of burying solid waste?

18. Typical Waste to Energy Plant (incinerator)

20. Burning Wastes

21. Burning Waste Japan and Switzerland over 50%, U.S. about 16%
More than 280 project canceled in U.S. due to high costs, concern among citizens, air pollution etc.

22. Burying Wastes Open dumps Sanitary landfills Leachate collection
Monitoring wells
Emit greenhouse gases (CO2 and methane)

23. Sanitary Landfill
Fig p. 547

25. And what about all of the older landfills around U. S
And what about all of the older landfills around U.S. and the rest of the world???

26. NIMBY
Not In My Back Yard common with landfills and incinerators

27. Review Costs and Benefits: Landfills
Decomposition yields methane, which can be used like natural gas.
Leachate may eventually escape and contaminate the groundwater.
When full, landfills are capped. The land can be used for recreation.
Trash decomposes very slowly.
Few communities are willing to host landfills (NIMBY).

28. Review: Costs and Benefits of Incineration
Incinerating waste reduces its weight by up to 75% and volume by up to 90%.
Toxic ash must be disposed of.
Heat from burning trash can be used to generate electricity (waste-to-energy).
Dioxins, heavy metals, and PCBs can be created and released by burning waste.

29. Section 2: Minimizing Waste
How can we reduce, reuse, recycle our waste?

30. What is REUSE?
Cleaning and using the material over and over again increasing the lifespan of the product

31. Junkyards and salvaging wood from old homes etc.

32. Not Reuse…

33. Reuse: Benefits Extends resource supplies Saves energy and money
Reduces pollution
Create jobs
Reusable products

34. Reuse: Costs
Waste (especially e-waste) can contain harmful substances…especially heavy metals
Many eke out living scavenging for waste in large open dumps

35. Some Success 95% of Finland’s soft drink, beer, wine bottles reused
Germany about 3/4th are refilled

36. Other examples of Reuse…
Shopping bags and tool libraries

39. Recycling What is recycling? What is composting?
How should we recycle solid waste?
How much waste paper is being recycled?
How feasible is recycling plastics?
Why isn’t more reused and recycled?

40. What is recycling? Reprocessing solid waste into new useful products
5 Categories in US Household Recycling
Paper Products
Glass
Aluminum
Steel
Some plastics

42. Characteristics of Recyclable Materials
Easily isolated from other waste
Available in large quantities
Valuable

43. Recycling Rates Switzerland, Japan 50% U.S. 30% up from 6.4% in 1960
60-80% is achievable

44. Wastepaper Recycling Easy to recycle
Removing ink, glue coating and reconverting into pulp
42% of world tree harvest is for paper
Currently U.S. recycles 49% of waste paper
Making paper has big enviro impact

45. Wastepaper Recycling

46. How plastics are made
Recycling plastic is difficult chemically and economically
10% in U.S. recycled
Different resins
Low cost of oil
Biodegradable plastics (bioplatics) offer hope

47. Types of Plastic

48. Economics of Recycling
Paper, aluminum, steel are easy to recycle and make easy economic sense
CRITICS: 1) plenty of landfill space, 2) Glass and plastic expensive to recycle
Employs 1.1 million people

49. Why we don’t recycle more
Enviro Costs not included (externalities)
Too few government subsidies
Tipping fees at landfills cheap
Price fluctuations for goods
Often don’t PAUT
Life cycle costs often not factored in

50. Did You Know? States with “bottle bills” (consumers receive a refund per returned bottle or can) have reduced their beverage container litter by 69–84% and total litter by 30–64%.

51. Composting Composting organic waste mimics nature
Only 5% of yard waste composted in U.S….could easily be raised to 35%
Compost used as fertilizer, topsoil and help restore eroded land

52. Composting

53. Section 7: Hazardous Waste
What is hazardous waste?
What can we do with hazardous waste?
How can we detoxify waste?
What are advantages and disadvantages of burying hazardous wastes?
What are Brownfields?

54. What is Hazardous Waste?
Any discarded solid or liquid that is toxic, ignitable, corrosive or reactive enough to explode or release toxic fumes.
80-90% from developed countries
72% from Petro-Chem
22% mining

55. What is hazardous waste?
Ignitable: Can catch fire
Corrosive: Can damage or destroy metals
Reactive: Chemically unstable; can explode or produce fumes when combined with water
Toxic: Harmful or fatal when inhaled, ingested, or touched

57. Common sources of hazardous waste include batteries, cleaning agents, paints, and pesticides.

58. Case Study: Bhopal India
1984 World’s worst industrial accident
Union Carbide pesticide plant explosion
Toxic cloud settled over region killing 23,000
120,000 to 150,000 suffer chronic illnesses related to accident

59. Hazardous Waste Disposal
Landfills: Specifically designed to keep hazardous waste contained
Surface impoundment: Liquid waste poured into shallow lined pits; water evaporates and solid waste is transported elsewhere
Deep-well injection (see diagram on right): Wastes injected into deep, confined porous rock layers

60. Hazardous Waste Landfill

61. Surface Impoundments: Trade-offs

62. Brownfields Abandoned industrial and other hazardous waste site
Factories, junk yards, gas stations
Usually older urban areas like Camden are full of them

63. Brownfields
Can be cleaned up and reborn as parks, industrial parks, etc.
First need to be cleaned
Some developers weary of taking risks and costs

64. Brownfields

65. One example of many in Camden: http://www. state. nj

66. Case Studies: Lead Lead poisoning major problem in children
Primary Sources of Lead
Leaded gasoline (phased out by 1986)
Lead paint (banned in 1970)
Lead in plumbing
Progress is being made in reducing lead

67. Case Studies: Mercury Vaporized elemental Mercury
Fish contaminated with methylmercury
Natural inputs
Emission control
Prevention of contamination

70. Case Studies: Dioxins
Potentially highly toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons
Sources of Dioxins
Waste incineration
Fireplaces
Coal-fired power plants
Paper production
Sewage sludge

71. Hazardous Waste Regulation in the U.S.
What is RCRA?
What is Superfund?

72. Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)
National Priority List
Polluter-pays principle

73. RCRA 1976 Passed By Congress: amended 1984
ID Hazardous Waste and set standards
Companies that deal with Haz. Waste over 220 lbs. must get permits
Cradle to Grave tracking and submit proof to EPA

74. CERCLA Commonly called Superfund
Passed in 1980 (NJ Congressman leaders)
Established tax on on chemicals to
1) ID abandoned dumps sites
2) Clean up groundwater
3) Establish NPL list for cleanups

76. Why do you think NJ has so many?

77. CERCLA Responsible parties must pay
If no party can be found clean ups down using $ from tax on oil and chemical companies (tax expired 1995)
1,250 NPL sites…113 in NJ
About 72% clean up underway avg. $20 million per site

78. CERCLA
Some estimates 10,000 sites could cost $1 trillion…pollution prevention cheaper?
Toxic Release Inventory

79. Polluter Pays Principle
Who should pay for cleanup when responsible parties can not be found?
Currently tax payers
1 in 4 Americans live within 4 miles of Superfund NPL site