1. Writing for the Web CASE III February 10, 2009 Presented by: Rosemary Jean-Louis and Barbara Obrentz

2. Introduction The Georgia Perimeter College Web site has become a vital communication tool. It has multiple purposes for multiple audiences.

3. Why it Matters More time for faculty and staff when routine info and tasks are done on the Web The Web works for you 24/7 Positive experiences through the Web builds relationships within institutions and about institutions A powerful way to accomplish your mission Speed of information Mobility of population

4. Communication Leaps Top Ten 3500 BC The Phoenicians develop an alphabet 1450 Newspapers appear in Europe 1714 Patent on the typewriter 1843 First telegraph line 1876 Patent on the telephone 1936 First programmable computer 1957 Soviets Launch Sputnik 1982 FCC authorizes cellular service 1990 Berners-Lee coins the phrase World Wide Web 1992 World Bank comes online

5. Communications Leaps 1998-Present 1998-2005 The WWW size between 275 million and 11.5 billion pages 1999 the word “blog” coined 2003-2006 Social networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook and YouTube launched 2007 iPhone offers first mobile, full Web browsing 2008 Twitter and microblogging takes off; explosion of online communities/social networking sites

6. Paradigm Shift #1 Web Usage in Early Days Standard content was posted into new electronic medium Web was used as an Electronic Bulletin Board Text was static

7. Paradigm Shift #2 New Media Model Web pages are multidimensional: Text Images Audio Video Interactive elements RSS/Twitter feeds Blogs Podcasts

8. Key Findings Poynter Institute* People read a high volume of story text in both print and online People read in two ways: methodically and scanning Alternative forms of reading like Q&A, timelines, short sidebars and lists help readers understand information more quickly Big headlines and photos attract print readers, but directional elements draw online readers Photos get a lot of attention * Eyetrack 07

9. Understanding Users Usability research Three factors caused poor performance Insufficient reading skills Less sophisticated research strategies Dramatically less patience Jakob Nielsen, Nielsen Norman Group, 1997, 1999

10. F Pattern’s Three Components Users read in a horizontal movement, usually across the upper part of the page Then they move down the page a little and read across again, but not as far across as before Users scan the page’s left side in a vertical movement Jakob Nielsen, Nielsen Norman Group, 1997, 1999

11. Implications of the F Pattern Users won’t read your text thoroughly The first two paragraphs must state the most important information Start subheads, paragraphs and bullet points with words that carry the meaning

13. Measuring Effectiveness Researchers measured usability by how successful users were in accomplishing a given task. 5 versions of basically the same web pages Three improvements boosted usability 124% -Concise writing (omit needless words) -Objective language; no puffery, exaggerations -Scannable text Source: Jakob Nielsen, http://www.useit.com/alertbox/9710a.html

14. Measuring Effectiveness Original copy: Nebraska is filled with internationally recognized attractions that draw large crowds of people every year, without fail. In 1996, some of the most popular places were Fort Robinson State Park (355,000 visitors), Scotts Bluff National Monument (132,166), Arbor Lodge State Historical Park & Museum (100,000), Carhenge (86,598), Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer (60,002), and Buffalo Bill Ranch State Historical Park (28,446). Carhenge Source: Jakob Nielsen, http://www.useit.com/alertbox/9710a.html

15. Measuring Effectiveness Revised Copy: Half Amount of Words than Original: In 1996, six of the best-attended attractions in Nebraska were Fort Robinson State Park, Scotts Bluff National Monument, Arbor Lodge State Historical Park & Museum, Carhenge, Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer, and Buffalo Bill Ranch State Historical Park.Carhenge Source: Jakob Nielsen, http://www.useit.com/alertbox/9710a.html

16. Measuring Effectiveness Revised Copy: More Concise, Scannable Text, and Objective Language In 1996, six of the most-visited places in Nebraska were: Fort Robinson State Park Scotts Bluff National Monument Arbor Lodge State Historical Park & Museum Carhenge Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer Buffalo Bill Ranch State Historical Park Source: Jakob Nielsen, http://www.useit.com/alertbox/9710a.html

17. Scannable Text Text that communicates to scanners uses Highlighted keywords Meaningful headings and subheadings Bulleted lists One idea per paragraph (users skip over any more if they aren’t caught by the first few words) Half the usual word count

19. Who is the Audience? To whom are your Web pages speaking? How does your audience find information? What are they looking for? What response do you seek?

20. What Key Audiences Seek Accurate, searchable online directories New information Benefits of college Updated information Photos, especially action photos Student testimonials News releases Events Universal navigation: same on every page Consistent look and feel Links and cross-references

21. Paradigm Shift #3 Organizing Content Making the jump to a non-linear model

22. Inverted Pyramid Style

23. The conclusion or ending comes first College welcomes largest class ever. Most important supporting information comes next Record SAT scores Large increase in traditional age students New faculty hired

26. Chunking Segment writing into smaller, coherent units to avoid long, scrolling pages. Each page is an inverted pyramid connected to the larger subject. Try to keep most important information above the “fold” — the limit of the initial screen view without scrolling. Take care not to over-divide your information. For critical information, such as Admissions Requirements, users will print out and read.

28. Redundancy Expect related Web pages to have some overlap The highest priority is to make things clear to your reader Try to provide a complete account of the subject with an appropriate amount of background or detail

29. Redundancy Examples

30. Links A bonus for online writing; links invite further pursuit of topic or provide additional aspects George Landow, Professor of English and art history at Brown, named both ends of the link -Rhetoric of departure -Rhetoric of arrival Highlights the need for both ends of the link to give users understanding of where they may go and why the arrival page is relevant

31. Redundancy Examples

32. Streamline Content Omit needless words Keep it simple, unless content dictates otherwise Use the active voice Speak in one voice Put statements in positive form Keep to one tense Write in a way that comes naturally Do not overstate Do not affect a breezy manner Do not explain too much Avoid fancy words Be clear Elements of Style Strunk & White

33. Empower the User Make sure people know what your site, and each page will do for them If people need or want to act on your information, provide them what they need. Give to the college Register for class Join a student organization

34. Proofread and Check Read what you have written out loud Proofread it backwards, one word at a time Double-check all contact information: phones, email addresses, Web links, and mailing addresses Know the editorial style chosen by the College and stick to it Avoid acronyms

35. Pitfalls to Avoid Visual distraction: colored and underlined text within a paragraph pulls the eye and disrupts the unit. Most readers will click on link without ever finishing the paragraph Disrupting the narrative: Links lead to stories half- told. Users may follow the link, and subsequent ones, and never return to your site

36. References Elements of Style, Strunk and White Don’t Make Me Think, Steve Krugs AP Style Guide Poynter Institute Eyetrak 07 Jakob Nielsen, Nielsen and Norman Catherine Tittle, Technical Documentation specialist, Arbor Technicomm Nathan Wallace, E-gineer.com Daniel Will-Harris E-fuse.com

37. Further Reading Ragan’s Web Content Report Ragan.com – News, Ideas for Communicators Edustyle.net – Latest web design, content trends of higher education sites Don’t Make Me Think, Steve Krugs Net words, Nick Usborne Content Critical, Gerry McGovern and Rob Norton Killer Web Content, Gerry McGovern The Unusually Useful Web Book, June Cohen Yale University Press Web Style Guide, 2nd Ed., Patrick J. Lynch and Sarah Horton

38. Contact Us Rosemary Jean-Louis rose.louis@gpc.edu Barbara Obrentz barbara.obrentz@gpc.edu Download the presentation at: www.gpc.edu/mpr/presentations.html