1. 16 McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Wage Determination

2. Labor, Wages, and Earnings Wages Price paid for labor Direct pay plus fringe benefits Wage rate Nominal wage Real wage General level of wages LO1

3. Role of Productivity Labor demand depends on productivity U.S. labor is highly productive Plentiful capital Access to abundant natural resources Advanced technology Labor quality Other factors LO1

4. Real Wages and Productivity Long-run trend of average real wages in the U.S. Real Wage Rate (Dollars) Quantity of Labor D 1900 S 1900 D 1950 D 2000 D 2020 S 1950 S 2000 S 2020 LO1

5. Real Wages and Productivity LO1

6. Competitive Labor Market Market demand for labor Sum of firm demand Example: carpenters Market supply for labor Upward sloping Competition among industries Labor market equilibrium MRP = MRC rule LO2

7. ($10) W C ($10) W C Wage Rate (Dollars) Labor Market Quantity of Labor Wage Rate (Dollars) Individual Firm Quantity of Labor QCQC (1000) 00 d=mrp qCqC (5) s=MRC Competitive Labor Market LO2 D=MRP (∑ mrp’s) S e b a c

8. Monopsony Model Employer has buying power Characteristics Single buyer Labor immobile Firm “wage maker” Firm labor supply is upward sloping MRC higher than wage rate Equilibrium LO3

9. Examples of monopsony power Monopsony Model Wage Rate (Dollars) Quantity of Labor 0 S MRP MRC c b a WcWc WmWm QmQm QcQc LO3

10. Monopsony Power Maximize profit by hiring smaller number of workers Examples of monopsony power Nurses Professional Athletes Teachers Three union models LO3

11. Demand Enhancement Model Union model Increase product demand Alter price of other inputs Wage Rate (Dollars) Quantity of Labor WuWu QcQc QuQu WcWc D1D1 D2D2 S Increase In Demand LO4

12. Wage Rate (Dollars) Quantity of Labor D S1S1 QcQc WcWc S2S2 WuWu QuQu Decrease In Supply Craft Union Model LO4

13. Industrial Union Model Inclusive unionism Auto and steel workers Wage Rate (Dollars) Quantity of Labor D S QcQc WcWc WuWu QuQu QeQe a b e LO4

14. Bilateral Monopoly Model Monopsony and inclusive unionism Single buyer and seller Not uncommon Indeterminate outcome Desirability LO4

15. Bilateral Monopoly Model LO4 Wage Rate (Dollars) Quantity of Labor D=MRP S QcQc WcWc WuWu Q u =Q m MRC WmWm a

16. The Minimum Wage Controversy Case against minimum wage Case for minimum wage State and locally set rates Evidence and conclusions LO5

17. Differences across occupations What explains wage differentials? Marginal revenue productivity Noncompeting groups Ability Education and training Compensating differences LO5 Wage Differentials

18. LO5

19. Wage Differentials Workers prevented from moving to higher paying jobs Market imperfections Lack of job information Geographic immobility Unions and government restraints Discrimination LO5

20. Pay for Performance The principal-agent problem Incentive pay plan Piece rates Commissions or royalties Bonuses, stock options, and profit sharing Efficiency wages Negative side-effects LO6