1. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers Guide to College Reading, 6/e Kathleen T. McWhorter Chapter 6 Understanding Sentences PowerPoint by JoAnn Yaworski

2. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers This Chapter Will Show You How to:  Identify the parts of a sentence that expresses its basic meaning  Recognize sentences that combine ideas  Read complicated sentences

3. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Four-Step Approach to Sentence Reading 1) Locate the key ideas. 2) Study the modifiers. 3) Check unknown words. 4) Paraphrase, or use your own words to express ideas.

4. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Locating Key Ideas Finding the Subject & Predicate  The subject, often a noun, identifies the person or object the sentence is about.  The main part of the predicate – the verb – tells what the person or object is doing or has done. Ex: The average American consumed six gallons of beer last year.

5. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Complicated Sentences  Who or what is the sentence about?  What is happening in the sentence? Ex: Intelligence, as measured by IQ, depends on the kind of test given, the skills of the examiner, and the cooperation of the subject.

6. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Sentences with Two Important Ideas:  Two related ideas: 1) Marlene was in obvious danger. 2) Joe quickly pulled Marlene from the street. Combined sentence: Marlene was in obvious danger, and Joe quickly pulled her from the street.

7. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Coordinate Ideas are Combined in One of Two Ways:  With a semi-colon. Ex: The union members wanted to strike; the company did nothing to discourage them.  With a comma and one of the following joining words: and, or, but, nor, so, for, yet. Ex: Some students decided to take the final exam, and others chose to rely on their semester average.

8. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Subordinate Sentences  Contain one key idea.  One or more less important, or subordinate, ideas that explain the key idea.  These less important ideas each have their own subject and predicate.  But they depend on the main sentence to complete their meaning. Ex: Because Stewart forgot to make a payment, he had to pay a late charge on his loan.

9. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Modifiers Answers Questions  What  Where  Which  When  How  Why Meaning of word or sentence part  Changes  Describes  Qualifies  Limits

10. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Unfamiliar Vocabulary  Pronounce it  Use content  Analyze word parts  Check the glossary  Check the dictionary

11. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers How Do You Paraphrase a Sentence?  Substitute synonyms.  Rearrange sentence parts, if needed.  Split lengthy sentences into two or more shorter sentences.  Identify the author’s key ideas and related ideas and emphasize these in your paraphrase.

12. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Paraphrase Sentences Creative Learner  Looking away from the sentence & writing its meaning. Compare your paraphrase with the original sentence & revise, as needed. Pragmatic Learner  Working systematically, piece- by-piece, paraphrasing each phrase or clause.

13. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Subordinating Conjunctions (1) Joining Words:  Before, after, while, during, until, when, once Meaning clues:  Indicates time Examples:  After taking the test, Leon felt relieved.

14. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Subordinating Conjunctions (2) Joining Words:  Because, since, so that Meaning clues:  Gives reasons Examples:  Because I was working, I was unable to go bowling.

15. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Subordinating Conjunctions (3) Joining Words:  If, unless, whether, even if Meaning clues:  Explains conditions Examples:  Unless I leave work early, I’ll miss class.

16. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Subordinating Conjunctions (4) Joining Words:  Although, as far as, in order to, however Meaning clues:  Explains circumstance Examples:  Although I used a dictionary, I still did not fully understand the word.

17. © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Visit the Longman Companion Website http://www.ablongman.com/mcwhorter Take a Road Trip to Spring Break in Florida! Visit the Paraphrasing section of the Outlining module, and Summarizing, Mapping, and Paraphrasing module in your Reading Road Trip CD-ROM for multimedia tutorials, exercises, and tests.