1. Muscle & Nervous Tissue
Chapter 5 cont….

2. Muscle Tissue 3 types: Skeletal muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue

3. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Muscles (attached to bone)
“striated voluntary” muscle
Structure: striations, multi-nucleated, long, tread-like cells, bundles of microfilaments

4. Smooth Muscle Tissue Aka: visceral muscle tissue
Lines walls of hollow internal organs (viscera)
Stomach, intestines, blood vessels
“non-striated involuntary” muscle
Structure: long, narrow cells, non-striated

5. Smooth Muscle Tissue

6. Cardiac Muscle Tissue Walls of the heart “striated involuntary” muscle
Structure: striations, dark band (intercalated disks (where plasma membranes meet up)

7. Nervous Tissue
Rapidly integrates activities of various parts of the body
Rapid communication is made possible b/c of the excitability & conductivity characteristics of the nervous tissue

8. Nervous System 3 Parts: Brain Spinal cord Nerves Nervous Tissue:
Common origin: ectoderm
Two cell types:
Neurons (nerve cell)
Neuroglia (supporting cells)

9. Anatomy of Neurons Cell body – soma Cell processes:
Axon  transmits nerve impulses away from cell body
Dendrites  carry signals towards axon

10. Homework Finish reading chapter 5 (pp 143-151)
Muscle tissue handout – Due Tuesday

11. Warm Up (10/5/10) Use your notes to identify the muscle tissue below:2. 1. 3.

12. Reminder Muscle tissue quiz on block day
Study muscle tissue notes & muscle tissue WS
Exam I is on Friday – will cover remainder of chapter 5

13. Tissue Repair After mechanical damage or tissue injury:
Phagocytic cells remove dead or injured cells
Regeneration: growth of functional new tissue (via mitotic division)
Repair capacity based on tissue type

14. Epithelial & Connective Tissue Repair
Greatest capacity to regenerate
Epithelial Tissue:
Cut/injury  cell division  tissue regeneration
Connective Tissue:
Cut/injury  activation of cells that make collagen fibers  injury site filled w/ dense fibrous CT
Small injury – dense fibrous CT replaced by normal tissue
Deep/large injury – dense fibrous CT forms scar

15. Muscle Tissue Repair Limited repair capacity
Damaged muscle tissue replaced with fibrous CT
Results in loss of some or all ability to function normally

16. Nervous Tissue Repair Limited ability to regenerate
Some neurons outside the brain and spinal cord can regenerate (slow process)
Majority of the time: brain & spinal injuries always result in permanent damage

17. Body Membranes Membrane – thin, sheet-like structure Two types:
Epithelial membranes
Composed of epithelial tissue and underlying connective tissue
Connective Tissues membranes
Composed entirely of connective tissue

18. Epithelial Membranes Cutaneous membrane Serous membrane
Cover body surfaces exposed to external environment (skin)
Serous membrane
Single membrane covering two different surfaces
Parietal membrane – lines walls of body cavities
Visceral membrane – covers surface of organs
Secrete thin, watery substance to prevent rubbing
Mucous membrane
Line body surfaces open to exterior
Ex: respiratory, digestive, urinary & reproductive tracts

19. Connective Tissue Membranes
Synovial membranes
Lines spaces between bones & joints
Secrete thick, colorless, lubricating fluid (synovial fluid)
Fluid helps reduce friction btwn bone surfaces

21. Mechanisms of Disease – Tumors & Cancer
Neoplasm – “new matter” (tumor)
Abnormal growth of cells
Benign Tumors
Do no spread to other tissues
Slow growth
Encapsulated
Usually not lethal unless interfere w/ organs

22. Mechanisms of Disease – Tumors & Cancer
Malignant tumors (cancer)
Not encapsulated
Spreads (metastasizes)
Cancer cells spread via blood or lymphatic system
Rapid growth/spread to nearby tissue

23. (Known) Causes of Cancer
Genetic Factors
Inherited cancer genes “oncogenes”
Tumor suppressor gene – fails to operate
Usually genetic predisposition coupled with cancer-causing mechanisms
Ex: breast cancer
Carcinogens (cancer markers)
Affect genetic activity  abnormal cell reproduction
Also called mutagens
Ex: chemicals, sun, viruses
Age
Some cancers arise based on age
Ex: leukemia (young) & colon cancer (older adults)

24. Detection of Cancer Self-examination Medical Imagining Blood tests
Breast and testicular exams
Medical Imagining
X-ray
Ex: mammogram – detection of breast cancer
CT, MRI, ultrasound
Produce cross-section of body images for tumor detection
Blood tests
Look for tumor markers (ex: PSA)
Biopsy
Removal of tumor tissue

25. Cancer Treatment Options
Stage and grade cancer
Helps determine outcomes
Surgical removal (if possible)
Could leave behind malignant cells
Chemotherapy – cytotoxic (cell-killing) drugs
Destroys remaining malignant cells
Radiation therapy
Destructive x-ray or gamma radiation destroys cancer cells
Immunotherapy
Boosting immune system again viruses

26. Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology 17th Edition
Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology 17th Edition. Thibodeau, Gary A. PhD and Patton, Kevin T. PhD. Mosby, Inc.