1. LECTURE NOTES IN ANATOMY PHARMACY STUDENTS; NOVEMBER 24 TH 2011 REV. PROF. SETH AYETTEY

2. OBJECTIVES KNOW THE ROLE AND FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM KNOW THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM – THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – SOMATIC – VISCERAL (AUTONOMIC) – THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – BRAIN – SPINAL CORD KNOW ABOUT MAJOR RECEPTORS KNOW ABOUT NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA KNOW THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

3. ROLE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM PERCEIVE & RESPOND TO CHANGES IN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT TRANSPORT INFORMATION FROM PERIPHERY TO THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN PROCESS INFORMATION FOR LEARNING RESPOND TO INFORMATION TO PROTECT THE ORGANISM FUNCTION WITHIN NORMAL PHYSIOLOGIC LIMITS NORMAL GROWTH SURVIVAL

4. MAJOR PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) BRAIN (FORE; MID; HIND) SPINAL CORD CERVICAL SEGMENTS (C1-C8) THORACIC SEGMENTS (T1-12) LUMBAR SEGMENTS (L1-5) SACRAL SEGMENTS (S1-5) COCCYGEAL (1)

7. MAJOR PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) SOMATIC 12 CRANIAL NERVES (PAIRS) 31 SPINAL NERVES (PAIRS) VISCERAL (AUTONOMIC) SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC RECEPTORS

8. THE NEURON BASIC UNIT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPES (FUNCTIONAL) SENSORY MOTOR INTEGRATIVE TYPES (MORPHOLOGY) UNIPOLAR BIPOLAR MULTIPOLAR

11. NEURONAL PARTS BODY; AXONAL HILLOCK DENDRITES RECEPTIVE FIELD PERIPHERAL PROCESS AXONS CONDUCTS IMPULSE AWAY CENTRAL PROCESS COLLATERALS

12. AXON - CONTINUED MYELINATION MYELINATED SCHWANN SHEATH (PNS) OLIGODENDROCYTES UNMYELINATED SIZE (DIAMETER) 0.2u – 20u SPEED OF CONDUCTION (M/SEC) 5X DIAMETER GROWTH RATE - 1 mm/day

13. THE NEUROGLIA: OLIGODENDROCYTES LOCATED IN BOTH GREY AND WHITE MATTER RESPONSIBLE FOR MYELIN SHEATH FORMATION CONTRIBUTE TO IMPULSE PROPAGATION EQUIVALENT TO SCHWANN CELLS IN PNS

15. SUPPORTING CELLS (NEUROGLIA) CNS ASTROCYTES OLIGODENDROCYTES MICROGLIA EPENDYMAL CELLS PNS SCHAWNN CELLS

16. CELLS OF THE CNS: NEUROGLIA ASTROCYTES OLIGODENDROCYTES MICROGLIA EPENDYMAL CELLS

17. RECEPTORS 1 EXTEROCEPTORS (SUPERFICIALLY LOCATED) PAIN (FREE NERVE ENDINGS) TEMPERATURE (ENCAPSULATED RECEPTORS) PRESSURE (ENCAPSULATED) VISION (RETINA) OLFACTION (OLFACTORY CELLS) HEARING (COCHLEA) TASTE (TASTE BUDS)

20. RECEPTORS 2 PROPRIOCEPTORS (LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM) POSITION/BALANCE/MOVEMENT (VESTIBULAR APPARATUS) STRETCH (MUSCLE SPINDLES) TENSION (TENDON ORGANS) PRESSURE/VIBRATION (PACINIAN CORPUSCLES)

21. RECEPTORS 3 INTEROCEPTORS ASSOCIATED WITH VISCERA (INTERNAL ORGANS) CONNECTED TO THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM LOCATED IN MUCOUS MEMBRANES WALLS OF VESSELS/TUBULAR STRUCTURES CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF VISCERA TYPES FREE NERVE ENDINGS ENCAPSULATED MODIFIED EPITHELIAL CELLS

27. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM RECEPTORS AFFERENT NEURONS SPINAL CORD EFFERENT NEURON EFFECTOR ORGAN CONNECTION WITH THE CNS

30. ORGANIZATION OF CNS 1 FOREBRAIN CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES (THE TELENCEPHALON) RECOGNITION PROCESSING INTEPRETATION STORAGE OF INFORMATION MODIFICATION OF INFORMATION RECALL UTILIZATION

34. ORGANIZATION OF CNS 2 DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS FINAL RELAY STATION TO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

35. ORGANIZATION OF CNS 3 MID BRAIN SITUATED BETWEEN FORE AND HIND BRAINS CONNECTS FORE AND HIND BRAINS FUNCTIONALLY HIND BRAIN PONS MEDULLA CEREBELLUM

36. ORGANIZATION OF CNS 4 SPINAL CORD SIMPLEST FORM OF CNS INNER GREY MATTER DORSAL HORN (SENSORY) VENTRAL HORN (MOTOR) LATERAL HORN (T1-L1-2) SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW OUTER WHITE MATTER DESCENDING TRACTS ASCENDING TRACTS

37. DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – SPINAL CORD SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS CERVICAL C1-8 THORACIC T1-T12 LUMBAR L1-5 SACRAL S1-S5 COCCYGEAL 1

38. ORGANIZATION OF PNS CRANIAL (12 PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES) SPINAL DORSAL ROOTS (SENSORY) VENTRAL ROOTS (MOTOR) SPINAL NERVES (MIXED) DORSAL RAMI VENTRAL RAMIDORSAL HORN (SENSORY) VENTRAL HORN (MOTOR) LATERAL HORN (T1-L1-2) SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW PLEXUSES CERVICAL; BRACHIAL; LUMBAR; SACRAL