1. The Organ Systems Chapter 1 Monday, August 19 th

2. 11 Organ Systems of the Body 1) Integumentary System 2) Skeletal System 3) Muscular System 4) Lymphatic System 5) Respiratory System 6) Digestive System 7) Nervous System 8) Endocrine System 9) Cardiovascular System 10) Urinary System 11) Reproductive System

3. Integumentary System  Forms the external body covering  Protection  Synthesizes Vitamin D  Regulates temperature  Consists of: skin, hair, nails and sweat glands skin, hair, nails and sweat glands

4. Skeletal System  Protection & support of body organs  Allows body movements  Produces blood cells  Stores minerals & fat  Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

5. Muscular System  Locomotion  Maintains posture  Produces heat  Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

6. Nervous System  Regulatory system: - controls movements - detects sensations - intellectual functions Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory receptors.

7. Endocrine System  Regulatory system that controls: -metabolism-growth-reproduction  Consists of glands that secrete hormones such as the pituitary and adrenal glands.

8. Cardiovascular System  Transportation of nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body. hormones throughout the body.  Plays a role in the immune system  Plays a role in regulation body temperature  Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

9. Lymphatic system  Removes foreign substances from the blood.  Combats diseases  Maintains tissue fluid balance  Transports fats from the digestive tract Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and other lymphatic organs.

10. Respiratory System  Exchanges oxygen & CO 2 between the blood and air  Regulates blood pH Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

11. Digestive System  Digestion  Absorption of nutrients  Elimination of wastes Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs.

12. Urinary System  Eliminates wastes from the body  Regulates: Blood pH Blood pH Ion balance Ion balance Water balance Water balance  Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

13. Reproductive System Male and Female  Production of offspring Female Male -produces oocytes -produces sperm -produces hormones -produces hormones -produces milk -fetal development  Consists of ovaries, testes, vagina, penis, and etc.

14. Intro to Anatomy

15. Definition  Working within your groups, come up with a definition to the following terms: Anatomy Anatomy Physiology Physiology (Yes, they ARE 2 separate things) (Yes, they ARE 2 separate things)

16. Anatomy  Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome)  An investigation of the body structure  Describes the shape and size of bones

17. Physiology  Definition – scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. Study of systems Study of systems Goals: understand body’s response to stimuli & how the body maintains homeostasis Goals: understand body’s response to stimuli & how the body maintains homeostasis

18. Levels of Complexity  Put these in order from smallest to largest:  Tissues  Organs  Molecules  Organ systems  Cells

19. The Levels of Complexity  The relationship between anatomy and physiology should be viewed from various levels Chemical – interactions of atoms Chemical – interactions of atoms Cellular – functional unit of life Cellular – functional unit of life

20. The Levels of Complexity  Tissue – groups of similar cells that have a common function  Organ – a structure composed of two or more tissue types  Organ system – a group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose

22. Maintaining Life  Can you list the 6 characteristics of living organisms?

23. 6 Characteristics Essential to Life Organization: the condition in which parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other & the parts interact to perform specific functions Organization: the condition in which parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other & the parts interact to perform specific functions Cellular organization Cellular organization Responsiveness: an organism’s ability to sense changes in its internal or external environment & adjust to those changes.(Homeostasis) Responsiveness: an organism’s ability to sense changes in its internal or external environment & adjust to those changes.(Homeostasis)

24. 6 Characteristics continued…  Metabolism: all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism  Development: the changes an organism undergoes through time; it begins with fertilization and ends with death.

25.  Growth: happens when cells increase in size or number Produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism Produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism  Reproduction: is the formation of new cells or a new organism 6 Characteristics continued…

26. Homeostasis  The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though the outside world is constantly changing  EVERY organ plays a role in homeostasis  The brain continually monitors these body functions 24/7 Blood glucoseBody temperature Blood glucoseBody temperature Blood pressureBody pH level Blood pressureBody pH level

27. What is Homeostasis?  Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values.  Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.  What is the set point for body temperature?

29. Homeostasis  The hypothalamus in the brain is responsible for maintaining homeostasis  Other organs include the liver and the kidneys Liver – Liver – Kidneys – Kidneys –

30. 3 Components of the Control System Regulatory Control Center Effector Receptor (Response)

31. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Imbalance (ex – working on a hot day) 1) STIMULUS: produces a change in variable 2) Change detected by receptor 3) CONTROL CENTER: Info sent along pathway (input) 4) EFFECTOR: Information sent along pathway to activate effector (output) 5) RESPONSE

33. Feedback  Negative Fluctuates Fluctuates In use every minute of every day In use every minute of every day  Positive NO FLUCTUATION NO FLUCTUATION RARE RARE

35. Negative Feedback  Analogy: Home heating system  The effect of the response is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.  MOST control mechanisms are negative feedback

37. Positive Feedback Mechanism  Very rare  Events that occur explosively and do not require continuous adjustments  Examples include: child birth and blood clotting

38. Identify the Type of Mechanism Being Described…  When the blood begins to clot, the chemical reactions involved in the process will continue until the clot is completed

39. Identify the Type of Mechanism Being Described…  The level of insulin will rise under certain conditions but will soon drop to normal levels in the presence of another hormone called glucagon. The process goes on throughout the day.

40. Identify the Type of Mechanism Being Described…  Blood vessels will automatically dilate in an effort to release body heat and they will constrict in an effort to retain body heat.

41. Identify the Type of Mechanism Being Described…  Once in awhile, there is a chemical reaction that produces a product that will enhance the chemical reaction even more and therefore producing more of the product

42. Identify the Type of Mechanism Being Described…  The temperature in your house cools down, which triggers the heat mechanism to warm up the house. As soon as the house gets warm, the heater shuts off. The process repeats.

43. Body Planes & Directional Terms

44. Body Plan  Body Positions Anatomical position – standing up straight with face forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides and palms of hands facing forward. Anatomical position – standing up straight with face forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides and palms of hands facing forward. Supine –Supine – Prone –Prone –

46. Terms of Direction  Medial = closer to median plane  Lateral = further from median plane  Anterior = towards front of body  Posterior = towards back of body  Superior = towards head

47. Terms of Direction  Inferior = towards bottom of feet  Superficial = towards surface of body, part  Deep = towards center of body, part  Proximal = nearer origin or attachment  Distal = further from origin or attachment

48. Directional Terms

49. Major Body Planes  Median = vertical, front to back in midline  Frontal (coronal) = vertical, perpendicular to median  Horizontal (transverse) = parallel to floor, perpendicular to median, coronal  Sagittal = vertical, parallel to median

50. Major Body parts and regions