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The Language of Anatomy
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Anatomical Position Person stands erect Feet flat on floor
Arms at sides Palms, eyes & face facing forward
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Terms referring to Direction:
Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Ventral Dorsal Cranial Caudal Proximal Distal Medial Lateral Superficial Deep
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Superior vs Inferior Used to identify vertical levels of position
When a structure is above another it is referred to as superior When a structure is below another, it is inferior Example 1: the trachea is superior to the heart Example 2: the intestines are inferior to the diaphragm
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Anterior vs Posterior Used to identify front and back positioning
Anterior means the front part or in front of. Posterior means the back part or in back of. Example 1: the heart is anterior to the spine Example 2: the spine is posterior to the heart Ventral is the same as Anterior Dorsal is the same as Posterior These terms used for nonhumans
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Cranial vs Caudal These directional terms are typically used in describing nonhumans: Cranial means toward the head Caudal means toward the tail
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Proximal vs Distal Describe with respect to point of attachment
Proximal means closer to the point of attachment Distal means further from the point of attachment Example 1: the wrist is distal to the elbow Example 2: the wrist is proximal to the hand
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Medial vs Lateral Describe surface structure with respect to midline. Medial means closer to midline Lateral means further from the midline
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Superficial vs Deep Describe body organs according to closeness to the body surface. Superficial means closer to the body surface Deep means further from the body surface Example 1: Lungs are deep to the rib cage Example 2: Skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
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Anatomical Planes and Sections
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body sections are anatomical views if body is cut on a plane Sagittal plane divides body into right and left halves median plane creates equal halves Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into front & back portions Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into upper & lower portions
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Body Sections Sagittal section: A section resulting from a cut made parallel to the sagittal plane. Coronal Section: A section resulting from a cut made parallel to the coronal(frontal plane). Cross-section: A section resulting from a cut made through the transverse plane
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Typical Sectional Views of the Body
Sagittal Frontal Transverse
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Regional terms are used to identify specific areas on the body.
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REGIONAL TERMS(anterior view)
Oral: pertaining to mouth Orbital: pertaining to the bony eye socket Buccal: pertaining to the cheek Cervical: pertaining to the neck Acromial: pertaining to the top of the shoulder Thoracic: pertaining to the chest Axillary: pertaining to the armpit Mammary: pertaining to the breast
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REGIONAL TERMS(anterior view)
Brachial: pertaining to the arm(region of upper extremity between the shoulder and the elbow) Antebrachial: pertaining to the forearm(region of lower extremity between elbow and wrist) Antecubital: pertaining to front of the elbow Carpal: pertaining to the wrist Abdominal: pertaining to the anterior trunk region between the thorax and the pelvis Inguinal: pertaining the area where the thigh meets the body trunk
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REGIONAL TERMS(anterior view)
Femoral: pertaining to the thigh Pubic: pertaining to the region of the pubis(pubic bone) Patellar: pertaining to the anterior knee region Tarsal: pertaining to the ankle Pedal: pertaining to the foot Digital: pertaining to the fingers/toes
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Posterior View
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REGIONAL TERMS(posterior view)
Cephalic: pertaining to the head(as a complete unit) Occipital: pertaining to the lower posterior surface of the head Deltoid: pertaining to the curve of the shoulder formed by the large deltoid muscle Scapular: pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area Olecranal: pertaining to the back of the elbow
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REGIONAL TERMS(posterior view)
Lumbar: pertaining to the loins(area between ribs & hips) Gluteal: pertaining to the buttocks Popliteal: pertaining to the hollow of the back of the knee Sural: pertaining to the back of the leg Calcaneal: pertaining to the heel Plantar: pertaining to the sole of the foot
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Abdominal Subdivisions used for anatomical studies
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants used by clinicians to locate pain, tumors, or other abnormalities
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Body Cavities All of the internal organs are contained in body cavities that are completely or partially lined with smooth membranes.
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Dorsal Body Cavity Dorsal Cavity: large cavity that is nearest to dorsal surface; includes cranial & spinal cavity Cranial Cavity: the hollow portion of the skull that contains the brain Spinal Cavity: the long tubular area within the vertebrae, which contains the spinal cord
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Ventral Cavity: the cavity that’s nearest to the ventral surface
Ventral Cavity: the cavity that’s nearest to the ventral surface. Superior & inferior portions separated by the diaphragm. THORACIC CAVITY: lies superior to the diaphragm Pericardial cavity: in the thoracic cavity; contains the heart
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ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY: lies inferior to the diaphragm
Ventral Cavity continued… ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY: lies inferior to the diaphragm Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and intestines Pelvic cavity: contains the bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum & male/female reproductive organs
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Body Cavities continued…
Nasal Cavity: entire chamber inside the nose; nostrils are the opening to this cavity Oral Cavity: the chamber is bordered by the cheeks, hard/soft palates of the mouth, and the tongue
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