1. Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory input – ___________________
____________________________________________________________________
Changes = ________________________
Integration
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.1a
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2. Functions of the Nervous System
Motor output
__________________________________
Slide 7.1b
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3. Structural Classification of the Nervous System
Central nervous system (CNS)
___________________________
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
__________________________________
Slide 7.2
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4. Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory (afferent) division
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 7.1
Slide 7.3a
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5. Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System
Motor (efferent) division
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 7.1
Slide 7.3b
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6. Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System
Motor (efferent) division
Two subdivisions
___________________________________
Figure 7.1
Slide 7.3c
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7. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells (Neuroglia)
Astrocytes
____________________________________
__________________
_________________
Figure 7.3a
Slide 7.5
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8. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Microglia
__________________
Ependymal cells
______________________________________________________
_________________________________
Figure 7.3b, c
Slide 7.6
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9. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Oligodendrocytes
____________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 7.3d
Slide 7.7a
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10. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Satellite cells
__________________________________
Schwann cells
____________________________________________________________________
Figure 7.3e
Slide 7.7b
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11. Nervous Tissue: Neurons
__________________________________
Major regions of neurons
Cell body – __________________________________________________________________
Processes – __________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.8
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12. Neuron Anatomy Cell body
Nissl substance – ________________________________________________
Neurofibrils – ________________________________________________
Figure 7.4a
Slide 7.9a
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13. Neuron Anatomy Cell body __________ ____________________ Figure 7.4a
Slide 7.9b
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14. Neuron Anatomy Extensions outside the cell body
Dendrites – _______________________________________
Axons – _______________________________________
Figure 7.4a
Slide 7.10
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15. Axons and Nerve Impulses
________________________________
Axonal terminals contain ________________________________
Axonal terminals are ________________________________
Synaptic cleft – __________________________________
Synapse – _________________________
Slide 7.11
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16. Nerve Fiber Coverings
Schwann cells – ___________________________________________________
Nodes of Ranvier – ___________________________________________________
Figure 7.5
Slide 7.12
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17. Neuron Cell Body Location
Most are found in the ________________________________
Gray matter – __________________________________
Nuclei – ____________________________________________________________________
Ganglia – ________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.13
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18. Functional Classification of Neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons
__________________________________
Cutaneous sense organs
Proprioceptors – ___________________
Motor (efferent) neurons
____________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.14a
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19. Functional Classification of Neurons
Interneurons (association neurons)
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
Slide 7.14b
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20. Structural Classification of Neurons
Multipolar neurons – ________________________________________________________________
Figure 7.8a
Slide 7.16a
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21. Structural Classification of Neurons
Bipolar neurons – ________________________________________________________________
Figure 7.8b
Slide 7.16b
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22. Structural Classification of Neurons
Unipolar neurons – ________________________________________________________________
Figure 7.8c
Slide 7.16c
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23. Functional Properties of Neurons
Irritability – ______________________
Conductivity – ________________________________________________________________
The plasma membrane at rest is polarized
____________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.17
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24. Starting a Nerve Impulse
Depolarization – _________________________________________________________
A deploarized membrane allows ______________________________________
The exchange of ions initiates ______________________________________
Figure 7.9a–c
Slide 7.18
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25. The Action Potential
If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, ________________________________________________________________
Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, ________________________________
The sodium-potassium pump restores ________________________________
This action requires __________________
Slide 7.19
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26. Nerve Impulse Propagation
The impulse continues ________________________________
Impulses travel faster when ________________________________
Figure 7.9c–e
Slide 7.20
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27. Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons
________________________________________________________________
____________________ is released from a nerve’s axon terminal
The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter
An ___________________ is started in the dendrite
Slide 7.21
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28. The Reflex Arc
Reflex – ________________________________________________________________
Reflex arc – ________________________________________________________________
Figure 7.11a
Slide 7.23
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29. Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Autonomic reflexes
______________________________
Somatic reflexes
Slide 7.25
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30. Central Nervous System (CNS)
________________________________________________________________
The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord
The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles
_________________________________
Slide 7.26
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31. Regions of the Brain ____________________________________ ____________
Figure 7.12
Slide 7.27
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32. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
____________________________________________
Figure 7.13a
Slide 7.28a
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33. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
The surface is made of _______________________________________________________
Figure 7.13a
Slide 7.28b
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34. Lobes of the Cerebrum
________________________________________________________________
Surface lobes of the cerebrum
__________________________________
Slide 7.29a
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35. Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum
Somatic sensory area – ________________________________________________________________
Primary motor area – ________________________________________________________________
Broca’s area – ________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.30
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36. Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
Cerebral areas involved in special senses
__________________________________
Slide 7.32a
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37. Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
Interpretation areas of the cerebrum
__________________________________
Slide 7.32b
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38. Layers of the Cerebrum Gray matter _____________
____________________________________________________
Figure 7.13a
Slide 7.33a
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39. Layers of the Cerebrum White matter
_______________________________________
Example: ____________________________________________________
Figure 7.13a
Slide 7.33b
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40. Layers of the Cerebrum
Basal nuclei – ____________________________________________________
Figure 7.13a
Slide 7.33c
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41. Diencephalon ________________________________ Made of three parts
__________________________________
Slide 7.34a
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42. Thalamus Surrounds the ____________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.35
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43. Hypothalamus Under the _______________________
Important autonomic nervous system center
__________________________________
Slide 7.36a
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44. Hypothalamus
An important part of the ________________________________ (emotions)
The pituitary gland is attached to the ________________________________
Slide 7.36b
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45. Epithalamus Forms the _______________________
________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.37
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46. Brain Stem Attaches to the ___________________ Parts of the brain stem
__________________________________
Slide 7.38a
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47. Midbrain Mostly composed of ________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Has four rounded protrusions – corpora quadrigemina
____________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.39
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48. Pons The bulging center part of the ________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.40
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49. Medulla Oblongata ________________________________
Merges into the ___________________
Includes important fiber tracts
Contains important control centers
__________________________________
Slide 7.41
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50. Reticular Formation
________________________________________________________________
Reticular activating system plays a role in ________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.42a
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51. Cerebellum
________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.43a
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52. Protection of the Central Nervous System
________________________________
__________
Figure 7.16a
Slide 7.44a
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53. Protection of the Central Nervous System
________________________________
Figure 7.16a
Slide 7.44b
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54. Meninges Dura mater ______________________________
__________________________________
Periosteum – _________________________________
Meningeal layer – _________________________________
______________________________
Slide 7.45a
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55. Meninges Arachnoid layer Pia mater __________________________________
Slide 7.45b
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56. Cerebrospinal Fluid Similar to ________________________
Formed by the ____________________
________________________________________________________________
Circulated in ________________________________________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.46
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57. Blood Brain Barrier
________________________________________________________________
Useless against some substances
__________________________________
Slide 7.48
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58. Traumatic Brain Injuries
Concussion
__________________________________
Contusion
Cerebral edema
Slide 7.49
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59. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Commonly called a ________________
________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.50
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60. Alzheimer’s Disease ________________________________
Mostly seen in the ________________________________________________________________
Structural changes in the brain include ________________________________________________________________
Victims experience ________________________________________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.51
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61. Spinal Cord
____________________________________________________________________
Below T12 is the ____________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.52
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62. Spinal Cord Anatomy
Exterior white mater – ________________________________
Figure 7.19
Slide 7.53a
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63. Spinal Cord Anatomy
Internal gray matter - ________________________________
Dorsal (posterior) horns
Anterior (ventral) horns
Figure 7.19
Slide 7.53b
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64. Spinal Cord Anatomy
Central canal filled with ________________________________
Figure 7.19
Slide 7.53c
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65. Spinal Cord Anatomy _______________cover the spinal cord
Nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae
_______________________________
Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system
___________________________
Slide 7.54
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66. Peripheral Nervous System
________________________________________________________________
Nerve = _________________________
Neuron fibers are bundled by ________________________________
Slide 7.55
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67. Structure of a Nerve ________________________________________________
Figure 7.20
Slide 7.56
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68. Classification of Nerves
Mixed nerves – ________________________________________________________________
Afferent (sensory) nerves – ________________________________________________________________
Efferent (motor) nerves – ________________________________
Slide 7.57
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69. Cranial Nerves
________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Slide 7.58
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70. Cranial Nerves I Olfactory nerve – ________________
II Optic nerve – __________________
III Oculomotor nerve – ________________________________
IV Trochlear – ________________________________
Slide 7.60
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71. Cranial Nerves
V Trigeminal nerve – ________________________________________________________________
VI Abducens nerve – ________________________________
VII Facial nerve – ________________________________
VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve – ________________________________
Slide 7.61
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72. Cranial Nerves
IX Glossopharyngeal nerve – ________________________________
X Vagus nerves – ________________________________
XI Accessory nerve – ________________________________
XII Hypoglossal nerve – ________________________________
Slide 7.62
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73. Spinal Nerves
There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of ________________________________
Spinal nerves are formed by the combination of the ________________________________
Spinal nerves are named for the ________________________________
Slide 7.63
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74. Anatomy of Spinal Nerves
Spinal nerves divide soon after leaving the spinal cord
Dorsal rami – ___________________________________________________
Ventral rami – ___________________________________________________
Figure 7.22b
Slide 7.65
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75. Autonomic Nervous System
The ___________________________ of the nervous system
________________________________
Divided into two divisions
__________________________________
Slide 7.67
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76. Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Nerves
__________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Effector organs
Slide 7.68a
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77. Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Nerurotransmitters
__________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.68b
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78. Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
Originates from ___________________
________________________________________________________________
Short pre-ganglionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron transmit impulse from ____________________________
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are neurotransmitters to the ____________
Slide 7.70
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79. Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division
Originates from the ________________________________________________________________
Terminal ganglia are at the ________________________________
Always uses ___________________ as a neurotransmitter
Slide 7.72
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80. Autonomic Functioning
Sympathetic – ____________________
__________________________________
Remember as the “E” division = ____________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.74a
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81. Autonomic Functioning
Parasympathetic – ________________________________
__________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Slide 7.74b
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82. Development Aspects of the Nervous System
The nervous system is formed during the ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
The _______________________ is one of the last areas of the brain to develop
Slide 7.75a
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83. Development Aspects of the Nervous System
No more neurons are formed _______________________, but growth and maturation continues for several years
The brain reaches __________________ as a young adult
Slide 7.75b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings