1. Passenger Aircraft Environmental Control System Safety Analysis Presented By: Brian Cranley, Ali Dalal, Chris Hankins, Josh Martin

2. Objective To analyze and perform a System Safety Analysis on Environmental Control Systems (ECS) in passenger aircraft To derive possible redesigns in procedures and hardware involved in the functionality of the ECS

3. Scope Focuses on the hazards involved in a passenger aircraft cruising at an altitude of 35,000ft

4. System Components Bleed Air Air Conditioning Ventilation & Distribution Pressure Regulation boeing.com

5. System Description Bleed Air   ”heart” of the ECS   automatic aside from an on/off switch in cockpit   comprised of the engine, valves, ports, and sensors that allow airflow   selects the right bleed port to send air through (dependant upon where the aircraft is, i.e. takeoff, cruise, or landing)   decreases the pressure and temperature of air entering the aircraft so it can be dispersed for the remainder of the ECS ASHRAE

6. System Description (cont.) Ozone Converter   disassociates ozone to oxygen molecules   uses a catalyst such as palladium (Pd)  up to 95% effective when new limcoairepair.com

7. System Description (cont.) Air-conditioning Packs  air is dried to 10-20% humidity   air is cooled from 400°F (temperature when leaving ozone converter) to 60°F   most commercial aircraft utilize two or three air-cycle machines linked in parallel as a safety precaution against in-flight failures ntsb.gov

8. System Description (cont.) Distribution and Filtration  air from air-conditioner is mixed in manifold with filtered, re-circulated air.   air is treated with a HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter - nearly 99.9% effective in removing microbes   air is distributed from manifold to ductwork, and then through vents at roughly 500 fpm   air stays in cabin 2-3 minutes before it is re-circulated boeing.com

9. System Description (cont.) Backup Oxygen Supply   in event of ECS system failure   oxygen stored in container and valve assemblies at 1850psi   reduced to 70psi for delivery through overhead masks

10. System Description (cont.) Pressure Regulation   desired pressure altitude of 8000ft   cabin controlled by pressure regulator   located so that all cabin air must pass through the outflow valve section to return to the atmosphere   regulator assembly recognizes the changes in ambient pressure and controls the inflow and/or outflow of air depending on controller signals   safety valve incorporated to reduce high cabin pressure boeing.com

11. Analyses Performed Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Failure Mode & Effects Analysis (FMEA) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

12. Preliminary Hazard Analysis PHA   takes place during the design phase   review of historical safety experience   identifies areas for concern   identifies and evaluates hazards   begins to consider safety design criteria

14. PHA (cont.) Bleed Air System  IP Valve  temperature sensor Pressurization System  regulator assembly  relief valve

15. Failure Mode & Effects Analysis FMEA  reliability form of analysis   may contain events that will not contribute to an accident   analyzes system components for their contribution to a state of unreliability

19. FMEA (cont.) Bleed Air System  IP Valve  temperature sensor Pressurization System  regulator assembly  relief valve Auxiliary Oxygen Supply   storage tank  fire protection

20. Fault Tree Analysis FTA   method structures relations in a graphic representation to form a Boolean logic model   structured to end in a specific outcome   directs deductively to accident-related events   can be qualitative or quantitative   provides insight into system behavior

23. Conclusions & Recommendations Install redundant temperature sensors   downstream of precooler  entrance to cabin Add redundant valves    downstream of IP valve   cabin relief valves

24. C & R (cont.) Fire protection  fire resistant materials  install sprinkler heads  smoke hoods Auxiliary Oxygen Supply  explosion resistant casing for storage tank  O 2 sensors  manual O 2 mask release

25. C & R (cont.) Frequent software upgrades Detailed maintenance procedures

26. Questions