1. Chapter 3 Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue

2. Connective Tissue Found everywhere in the body
Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
Functions
Binds body tissues together
Supports the body
Provides protection
Transportation

3. Connective Tissue Characteristics
Vascularized (except tendons, ligaments and cartilage)
Extracellular matrix
Non-living material that surrounds different types of living cells

4. Extracellular Matrix Ground substance Fibers
Mostly water – absorbs water
Adhesion proteins – serves as glue
Polysaccharide molecules – as number of molecules goes up, tissue goes from fluid to rock hard
Fibers
Three types
Collagen fibers (white)
Elastic fibers (yellow)
Reticular fibers (fine collagen)

5. Collagen Fibers Composed of:
Interwoven strands of the protein collagen.
Thick fibers with great tensile strength – i.e., it’s tough to pull them apart.
Tendons, ligaments and the deep layers of the skin
Collagen Fibers as seen with a scanning electron microscope

6. Elastic Fibers Composed of:
A protein called elastin, whose coiled structure allows it to stretch and snap back like a rubber band.
Account for the ability of the lungs, arteries, and skin to spring back after they are stretched.
In this slide, “A” is an elastic fiber – what do you suppose “B” is?

7. Reticular Fibers Composed of:
A thinner collagen fiber coated with glycoproteins.
These fibers can branch extensively and form networks for certain organs.

8. Osseous Tissue (Bone) Composed of:
Cells called osteoblasts that secrete hard matrix of calcium salts and surround themselves in it until they become trapped in little cavities known as lacunae
Once enclosed in lacunae, cells are called osteocytes.
Hard matrix of calcium salts
Large numbers of collagen fibers
Functions:
Used to protect and support the body

9. Cartilage 1 3 types (classified based on fiber differences):
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage 2 3

10. Cartilage Avascular Without blood supply
Healing of torn cartilage is a long process
Chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor that prevents the growth of blood vessels.
Why do you suppose shark cartilage could be a possible aid in the fight against cancer?
Figure 3.18a

11. Hyaline Cartilage Most common cartilage Composed of:
Abundant collagen fibers
Rubbery matrix
Locations:
Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage
Attaches ribs to the sternum.
Functions:
Precursor of bone in fetal skeleton
Structural attachment
Figure 3.18b

12. Elastic Cartilage Locations: External ear
Epiglottis – flap of tissue that covers the trachea
Functions:
Provides flexible support
What happens when you bend and release your ear?

13. Fibrocartilage Locations: Intervertebral discs between vertebrae
Meniscus (shock-absorbing pads of cartilage) in the knee joint.
Functions:
Resists compression and absorbs shock in some joints

14. Dense Connective Tissue
Composed of:
Main matrix element is collagen fibers
Cells are fibroblasts (manufacture fibers)
Locations and Functions:
Tendon – attach muscle to bone
Ligaments – attach bone to bone
Figure 3.18d

15. Areolar Connective Tissue
Most widely distributed connective tissue
Soft, pliable tissue
Can soak up excess fluid; reservoir of water
Composed of:
All 3 fiber types (loose arrangement)
Highly vascular
Figure 3.18e

16. Areolar Connective Tissue
Locations:
Underlying epithelia
Surrounds blood vessels, nerves, and esophagus
Functions:
Binds epithelia to deeper tissues
Allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues
Provides an arena for immune defense
Can soak up excess fluid

17. Adipose Tissue Composed of: Locations: Functions:
Matrix in which fat globules predominate
Adipocytes contain large fat deposits
Locations:
Subcutaneous fat beneath skin
Breast
Functions:
Insulation and protection
Serves as a fuel storage

18. Reticular Connective Tissue
Composed of:
Delicated network of interwoven reticular fibers
Numerous white blood cells
Locations and Functions:
Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
Figure 3.18g

19. Blood Composed of: Functions: Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix
Fibers are visible during clotting only
Functions:
Transport vehicle for materials
Figure 3.18h

20. Muscle Tissue Function is to produce movement Three types
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

21. Skeletal Muscle Can be controlled voluntarily
Cells attach to connective tissue
Cells are striated
Cells have more than one nucleus
Figure 3.19b

22. Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart
Function is to pump blood (involuntary)
Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
Cells are striated
One nucleus per cell (uni-nucleate)
Figure 3.19c

23. Smooth Muscle Involuntary muscle Surrounds hollow organs
Attached to other smooth muscle cells
No visible striations
One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.19a

24. Nervous Tissue Composed of: Function: Neurons and nerve support cells
Irritability
Conductivity
Responsiveness
Figure 3.20

25. Tissue Repair Regeneration Fibrosis Determination of method
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
Fibrosis
Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)
Determination of method
Type of tissue damaged
Severity of the injury

26. Events in Tissue Repair
Capillaries become very permeable
Introduce clotting proteins
Wall off injured area
Formation of granulation tissue
Regeneration of surface epithelium

27. Regeneration of Tissues
Tissues that regenerate easily
Epithelial tissue
Fibrous connective tissue and bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly
Skeletal muscle
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord