1. Chapter 01 Lecture and Animation Outline
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2. 1.1 The Human Body

3. Introduction
Anatomy – structure of a part and its relationship to other structures
Physiology – function of a part, individually and as part of a system
The structure of a part suits the function of a part (they complement each other).

4. Organization of Body Parts
Levels of Organization
Chemical – atoms, molecules, and macromolecules that compose the cellular organelles that perform the functions of the cell
Cellular – basic unit of life
Tissue – similar cells that perform a specific function
Organs – several types of tissues that perform a specific function
Organ Systems – several organs that work together to perform related functions
Organism – all the systems that interact to make the whole organism

5. Levels of Organization

6. 1.2 Anatomical Terms

7. Introduction Anatomical terms are used to describe:
Location of body parts
Regions of the body
Imaginary planes by which the body can be sectioned

8. Introduction, cont Anatomical position
Common reference point for all anatomical terms
Standing erect, face, palms, and toes facing forward, arms at sides

9. Directional Terms
Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal)
Superior/Inferior
Medial/Lateral
Proximal/Distal
Superficial/Deep
Central/Peripheral
Ipsilateral/Contralateral

10. Directional Terms

11. Regions of the Body
Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular portion – upper and lower limbs

12. Terms for body parts and areas

13. Planes and Sections of the Body
Sagittal (median) plane – divides body into right and left portions
Midsagittal – exactly through the midline
Parasagittal – any cut not through the midline
Frontal (coronal) plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides body into superior and inferior portions

14. Body planes and sections

15. 1.3 Body cavities and membranes

16. Posterior (dorsal) body cavity
Cranial cavity – contains the brain
Vertebral canal – contains the spinal cord
Meninges – membranous layers lining dorsal body cavity; contains cerebrospinal fluid to nourish and support the brain and spinal cord

17. Anterior (ventral) body cavity
Thoracic cavity
Medial portion (mediastinum) – contains the heart (pericardial cavity), thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures
Right and left portions (pleural cavities) – contain the lungs

18. Anterior (ventral) cavity, cont
Abdominopelvic cavity
Superior portion (abdominal cavity) – contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines
Inferior portion (pelvic cavity) – contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the large intestine

19. Major body cavities and membranes

20. Ventral cavity membranes
Parietal serous membrane – line walls of anterior body cavities
Thoracic cavity
Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity
Parietal pericardium – creates pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

21. Ventral cavity membranes, cont
Visceral serous membrane – covers organs of the anterior body cavity
Thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura – covers lung tissue
Visceral pericardium – covers heart
Abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral peritoneum – covers many organs in abdominopelvic cavity

22. Ventral cavity membranes, cont
A small amount of serous fluid is between the parietal and visceral layers that lubricates and reduces friction
Inflammation or infection of these membranes is a serious health issue

23. Relationship between the body wall, serous membranes, and organs

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25. Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
Abdominopelvic regions - nine regions
Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric
Right and left lumbar, umbilical
Right and left iliac, hypogastric
Four quadrants
Right upper, left upper
Right lower, left lower

26. Abdominopelvic regions & quadrants

27. 1.4 Organ Systems

28. Support, Movement, and Protection
Integumentary System
Skin and accessory organs
Protection, prevents infection & water loss, regulate body temperature, sense organ, synthesizes chemicals
Skeletal System
Bones, cartilage, ligaments
Support, movement, mineral storage, produces blood cells
Muscular System
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
Movement, posture, heat production

29. Integration and Coordination
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Communication, control, and responses
Endocrine System
Hormone producing glands such as the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, etc

30. Maintenance of the Body
Cardiovascular System
Heart and blood vessels
Transport
Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Spleen, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, special cells and chemicals
Protect from disease
Respiratory System
Lungs and passages
Gas exchange

31. Maintenance of the Body, cont
Digestive System
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
Receive and break down food into nutrients cells can use
Urinary System
Kidneys, urinary bladder, tubes
Remove nitrogenous waste, regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood

32. Reproduction and Development
Male Reproductive System
Testes, ducts, glands
Produce sperm and male sex hormones
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries, ducts, uterus
Produce ova and female sex hormones, provide site for young development

33. 1.5 Homeostasis

34. Introduction
Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment
External conditions may change dramatically
Internal conditions stay within a narrow range
Dynamic equilibrium – internal conditions are not absolutely constant
Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree

35. Components of homeostatic mechanisms
Sensor – detects a change in the internal environment
Control center – activates the effector
Effector – produces a response to the change

36. Negative feedback
Primary homeostatic mechanism
Effector reverses the change in the internal environment
Keeps the variable close to the set point

37. Negative feedback general pattern

38. Mechanical example of negative feedback

39. Body temperature regulation

40. Positive feedback
Effector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs
Helps in completing a process that has a cutoff point
Blood clotting
Childbirth
Can be harmful

41. Positive feedback

42. Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at

43. Homeostasis and body systems
All body systems contribute towards maintaining homeostasis.
Each system affects the other systems.

44. Human systems work together

45. Human systems work together

46. Disease occurs when homeostasis fails
Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body
Systemic disease – affects several organs systems or the entire body
Acute disease – occurs suddenly and lasts a short time
Chronic disease – develops slowly and is long term