1. Vertebrate Notes
Chapters 33-35

2. Characteristics of Vertebrates
Spinal Cord with Vertebrae (backbone)
Bilateral Symmetry
2 pairs of jointed appendages
Complex brains and nervous systems
Closed circulatory system
Complex Organ Systems

3. Organism symmetry

5. Energy Efficiency Every organism must have energy to survive.
The more energy the greater the complexity of that organisms life and abilities

6. Energy Efficiency
Ectotherm – animal warms itself primarily by obtaining heat from the environment – like sunning itself.
Most fish, amphibians, & reptiles
Endotherm – produce own heat through food breakdown – as energy lost as heat !
Birds & mammals

7. Energy Efficiency 3 Systems Highly Involved Digestive – Food
Respiratory – Oxygen (Aerobic Respiration)
Circulatory - Transport

8. Energy Efficiency Surface Area Length to food Closed Compartment
Digestive
Surface Area
Length to food
Respiratory
Closed Compartment
Specialized Structures (Air Sacs in Birds)
Circulatory
Pump Oxygenated Blood
Separate Oxygenated from Deoxygenated Blood
Separate Ventricles
Heart Rate

9. Vertebrate Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Separated into several different class
Major categories: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

10. Fish Digestive System Very Short – ½ length of body
Adds surface area by increasing the pyloric ceacum
Similar to an appendix – closed ended

11. Fish Respiratory Use gill slits Water through mouth & out gills
Gas exchange in the cells of the gills
Increase surface through filaments & lamellae
Countercurrent flow – Water and blood move in opposite direction

12. Fish Circulatory Have a 2 Chambered Heart
Speeds up circulation
Pumps deoxygenated blood
From the heart the blood enters the gills to gain oxygen
Single Loop

13. Fish Energy Efficiency
Ectothermic – temperature is dependent upon outside means.
Swim Bladder – air sac of gases that helps with buoyancy in the water.

14. Fish Reproduction External Fertilization (most)
Eggs develop in the water
Different stages
Fry
Fingerling
Adult
Fry w/ egg sack
Egg w/ eye spot
Fingerling

15. Fish – 3 Major Classes Agnatha: Include lampreys and hagfish
Made of cartilage and are jawless
Often will suck the blood from their prey

16. Fish – 3 Major Classes Chondrichthyes (Cartilage + Fish)
Include Sharks, Skates, and Rays
Made of cartilage, but have bony jaws
Keen senses for detecting prey

17. Fish – 3 Major Classes Include Bony fish Full Skeleton
Osteichthyes – (Bone + Fish)
Include Bony fish
Full Skeleton

18. Fish – Special Adaptations
Fish Sense: Keen sense of smell – chemicals in the water
Lateral Line System: Tube on the side of fish that detects motion and vibrations

21. Amphibian Amphibian = “Double – Life” Completely aquatic larval stage
Semi-terrestrial adult stage
Metamorphosis: from larval to adult

22. Amphibian Digestive Much more folding than fish with a large stomach.
Increases surface area

23. Amphibian Respiratory Larval – gills Adults
lungs (air sacs and some folding)
Air has 20 times more oxygen = increased oxygen uptake
Skin
Must keep skin moist for respiration

24. Amphibian Circulatory 3- chambered heart Double loop system
Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

25. Amphibians Energy Efficiencies Ectothermic
Decreased energy need while in water
Reproduction – Eggs laid in water
Hibernation

26. Class Amphibia – Order Anura
Frogs and toads
Carnivorous
Adapted to Jumping
Woodhouse's Toad Great Plains Toad

27. Class Amphibia - Order Urodela:
Salamanders and newts
Elongated bodies and tails
Some can keep gills through adulthood
Tiger Salamander

29. Class Amphibia: Order Apoda
Caecilians
Tropical burrowing amphibians
1ft in length
Internal fertilization

30. Reptiles Live their entire life on land
Hard Amniotic Egg – shelled egg
Provides nutrients and protection
Allows the egg to be on land
Born as little adults – No larval stage
Dry thick skin covered in scales
Prevent water loss
Protection

31. Digestion Length of the tract is similar to amphibians
Unique adaptations for catching prey
Snake can “unhinge” jaw
Teeth
Venom
Crushing Jaw

32. Respiratory
Rely totally on lungs for gas exchange

33. Circulatory Separation of Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Blood
Small reptiles have modified 3 chamber
Larger – 4 chamber

34. Energy Efficiency Ectothermic
Leg positioned under body for better movement on land
Claws and jaws to capture prey

35. Class Reptilia
Order Squamata: lizards and snakes
Most carnivores

36. Class Reptilia Order Chelonia: turtles and tortoises
Turtles = aquatic & Tortoise = land

37. Class Reptilia Order Crocodilia: alligators and crocodiles
Alligators = short, broad snout
Crocodile = long, skinny snout

38. Class Reptilia Order Rhynchocephalia: tuataras New Zealand reptile
Most active at low temperatures.

39. Birds – Class Aves
Related to reptiles and lizard-like dinosaurs called thecodonts.
Scaly, clawed feet
Hard shelled amniotic egg.
Feathers
Modified scales

40. Feathers Characteristic common to all birds
Light in weight and enable flight
Lift for flight
Bernoulli’s Principle
Newton’s third law of motion – tilt of wing

41. Feathers – Types 2 types of Feathers
Flight feathers – aka Contour feathers
Rigid spine for flying
Down Feathers –
Light without much spine
Used for warmth

42. Feathers - Care Birds must take care of their feathers
Keep them straight – Preening
Waterproof
Rub oil form a gland near tail

43. Digestion Crop Gizzard No urinary bladder – decrease weight
Storage place for food prior to digestion
Constant supply of food
Gizzard
Increases the breakdown of food – surface area of food increases
No urinary bladder – decrease weight

44. Bird Internal Structure

45. Respiratory Lungs and Air Sacs Lungs contain alveolar sacs and alveoli
Increase surface area
Breathe in both the lungs and air sacs fill
Out the air sac gases pass through and exchange
2 for 1 system

46. Respiration

47. Circulatory
4 chambered heart with a high beating rate.

48. Efficiency Endothermic Hollow Bones
Outside temperature does not affect function.
Must consume large amounts of food.
Hollow Bones
Very light for flight
Bone and Muscular System for Flight
Pectoral Muscle and Sternum Pointed.
Fused Clavicle

49. Hollow Bones

50. Bird Adaptations- Beaks and Feet
Pg 790

51. Bird Adaptations- Beaks and Feet

52. Bird Adaptations- Beaks and Feet