1. Topic 1: It’s My Body
Part 2: Nervous System

2. Human Organ Systems Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Immune
Respiratory Digestive
Excretory Reproductive
Nervous Endocrine
Integumentary
Human Organ Systems
Groups of organs working together to perform major activities of the body are called organ systems.
The skeletal system, made of bones, cartilage and joints, is the framework of the body. It protects internal organs, stores minerals and provides a place for muscles to attach.
The human muscular system is composed of smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle, attached to the skeleton with dense strips of connective tissue called tendons, is responsible for the movement of body parts. Smooth muscle, sometimes called visceral muscle, is found in internal organs (eg, lines the walls of many blood vessels, makes up the iris of the eye and forms the wall of the gut). Cardiac muscle forms the bulk of the heart which controls blood circulation.
The circulatory system—blood, blood vessels and the heart—is the body’s transportation system, moving oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, hormones, vitamins, minerals and water throughout the body. It also aids in regulation of temperature.
The digestive system converts foods to simple substances that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body. It is composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine and is aided by several accessory organs (liver, gall bladder, and pancreas).
Made up of the skin, lungs, sweat glands and the kidneys, the excretory system removes metabolic wastes from the body. The kidneys are responsible for eliminating the bulk of wastes from the human body.
The reproductive system generates reproductive cells (gametes) and provides a mechanism for them to be fertilized and maintained until the developing embryo can survive outside the body. The primary reproductive organs are the ovaries (female) and the testes (male).
The nervous system regulates and coordinates the body’s responses to changes in the internal and external environment. Major structures of the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
The endocrine system consists of the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries and testes. This system helps to maintain homeostasis, regulate temperature, and control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction by secreting and releasing hormones.
The first line of defense in protecting the body is the integumentary system, which is composed of the skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. It protects against injury, infection and fluid loss and also aids in temperature regulation.
References:
Campbell, N.E. & Reece, J.B. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
Raven, P.H. & Johnson, G.B. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

3. How the body response to the changes?
The two organ systems helps body to adjust to these changes are:
The nervous systems uses electrical signal to response to changes
The hormonal system also coordinate some of the body’s responses, using hormones.

4. WHAT PARTS DO YOU KNOW THAT ARE IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerves

5. Human Nervous System
Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit impulses throughout the body.
Nervous System
Central Nervous System (Brain + spinal cord)
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic
Autonomic

6. What makes up the brain, the spinal cord or your peripheral nerves?
Neurons are “the cell”
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Dendrite
What do you think surrounds the cell?
What other organelles would be needed?

8. Structure of Neurons Dendrite Cell body Myelin sheath Node of Ranvier
Axon
terminals
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Node of Ranvier

9. 3 Types of neurons There are three main types of neurons.
These types are:
sensory neurons,
interneurons, and
motor neurons.

10. Neurons

11. Close up look at your synapse (extra notes)
AXON
What is this in the membrane?
The synapse - where the action happens
Transport protein
The next cell’s plasma membrane

12. How does the Synapse carry the signal? (extra notes)
1. Electrical current travels down the axon
2. Chemicals are released and diffuse toward the next cell’s plasma membrane. This allows signals to pass through the synapse to the next neuron

13. How the three neurons work together?
Sensory neurons begin with sensory receptors (many different types of sensory receptors designed to respond to pressure, hot, cold, light, mechanical vibration, etc. )The impulse is then carried towards the CNS (Central Nervous System) by a long dendrite to the cell body. The cell body is found outside of the CNS and the short axon transmits the impulse to interneurons in the CNS.
Interneurons are located in the CNS Interneurons have many dendrites and can receive messages from numerous other neurons. Interneurons organize the numerous signals and relay the appropriate message to the motor neuron along an axon.
Motor neurons receive signals from an interneuron at a dendrite. The impulse then travels to the long axon of the motor neuron and on to an effector. The effector, a muscle or gland, responds to the stimulus by contracting (muscle) or releasing a hormone or enzyme (gland).

15. Synapse (extra notes) Neurons are not continuous
Synapse is “The junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron, muscle cell or gland”
Two types of Synapses:
Excitatory
Inhibitory

16. Are all neurons equal in size?
Brain vs spinal cord vs peripheral nerves?
About how many neurons are in the human brain?
100 billion
About how many neurons are in the spinal cord?
1 billion
How long do you think the longest axon in the world is?
around 15 feet

17. How many synapses are in one neuron?
1,000 to 10,000!!

18. This science is called Neurobiology
Looking at the actual cells - how do they work?
Looking at the connections - how and when do they work?
Looking at what can change normal cells and connections
Looking at diseases that occur in the brain
One of the largest areas still unknown
The you that is you is because of your neurons connecting!

19. What do you think can change neurons and their connections?
Accidents
Drugs
Alcohol
Disease

20. Accidents
Physical injury of your neurons

21. Drugs and alcohol bind important receptors on neurons

22. Repeated binding causes the neuron to die

23. Diagram of Human Brain http://medtropolis.com/virtual-body/

24. Drugs = neuron death

25. Alcohol damages dendrites - can repair after abstinence
Alcohol blocks receptors and slows down transmission

26. Parkinson's Disease
ALS - Lou Gehrig’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Alzheimer's
Cerebral Palsy
Epilepsy
? SIDS

27. 100 Billion or so neurons - what’s the problem with some of them dying?
Cells multiply all the time - will your neurons?
Does everyone react the same way to accidents, or drugs and alcohol?
Do all organisms react the same to all stimulus?
Which of your activities use your neurons?

28. What if neurons die here?
or here
or here
or here
or here

29. Reflex Action

30. What is a Reflex action??
“An action that is performed without conscious thought as a response to a stimulus”
The signals from the receptors do not travel to the brain, instead they travel through what we call a Reflex Arc.
Spinal reflexes or Brain Reflexes
Stimulus – receptor – sensory neuron – association neuron – motor neuron – Effector - Response

31. Reflex arc – how it works?
Reflex reactions in humans are controlled by the reflex arc.
When the safety of an organism demands a very quick response, the signals may be passed directly from a sensory neuron, via a Interneuron (also known as the relay neurone, to a motor neurone for instant, unthinking action. This is a reflex action.
A reflex arc is the nerve pathway which makes such a fast, automatic response possible

32. Reflex actions

33. Try These??
Draw one reflex arc for your body’s response to touching a hot object.
Draw one reflex arc for your body’s response to standing on something sharp.
Draw one reflex arc showing your body’s response to a loud noise.

34. Try These?? Hypothalamus (links our nervous and endocrine systems):
Control Metabolic Activities
Water Balance
Sugar Metabolism
Body Temperature
Hormone Secretion
Draw a stimulus response model for how the body would handle a change in temperature?
Draw a stimulus response model for how the body may respond to a drop in water concentration?
Draw a stimulus response model for how the body may respond to a drop in sugar levels?

35. Nervous System Review

36. Name the Two parts of the nervous system, and provide there acronyms?
Draw and Label the Key Structures of a Motor Neuron?
What are the two components of the CNS?
What are the two types of matter that make up our CNS?
How many Neurons does our brain contain?

37. Name three parts of the Brain?
How much space does the Cerebrum take in our brain?
What does PNS stand for and what are the two components?
What are two examples of Receptors?
What function does our Somatic Nervous System play?
What are the two types of Photoreceptors found in the eye?

38. Apart from sound, what other function does our ear play in our body coordination?
What are 3 examples of stimuli our skin can detect?

39. Neurobiology Activities and Labs
What Does Your "Homunculus" Look Like? (
Effect of Environment on Memory ( html)
Taste Activity ( nts/experiment_truly_tasteless.html)
A healthy brain? - Caffeine activity (
Pillbug behavior Lab - (

40. REFERENCES http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html
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