1. Kinesiology Laboratory 3:
Mechanical Considerations during Qualitative Analysis of Movement

2. Today’s Activities Presentations Lever Class Review Activity Analysis
Push up
Bench press
PNF Techniques

3. Presentations Take good notes, especially for those you are unsure of
These activities will be on the Midterm Practical!

4. How our bodies produce movement
Movement occurs around joints
Flex, abduct, upwardly rotate, etc.
Movement also occurs on a single plane, about a single axis
Ex. Frontal
These movements are caused by muscle contractions
Concentric/Eccentric/Isometric
These movements can occur against a resistance
Gravity, body weight, resistive equipment

5. A R E Lever Classes *Load=Resistance *Fulcrum= Pivot Point= Axis xis
ffort

6. 1st Class Lever
Seesaw
Where the axis is determines the mechanical advantage
Axis close to effort results in greater speed and ROM
Axis close to resistance results in greater force production
Elbow Extension
Effort= Olecranon Process (Insertion of Triceps)
Axis= Elbow Joint
Resistance= Forearm [+/- additional weight]

7. 2nd Class Lever Wheelbarrow
Produces largest force production but has less ROM
Very few examples exist in the body
Plantar Flexion
Effort= Calcaneous through Achilles tendon (insertion of calf muscles)
Resistance= Whole body (+/- added weight)
Axis= Ankle Joint

8. 3rd Class Lever Tongs Elbow Flexion
Axis= Elbow Joint
Effort= Insertion of Biceps Brachii
Resistance= Forearm (+/- added weight)
This lever has the advantage of higher speed and greater ROM
Most common lever in the human body

9. Activity Analysis: Push Up/Bench Press
Chart breaking down the movement by joint FOR BOTH PHASES
Osteokinematic motion (Flex, adduct, etc.)
Muscle Functional Group (i.e. Wrist Flexors)
Agonist & Synergists
Contraction Type
Planes and axes
Effects of gravity (Resisting, Assisting, No effect)
Diagram of movement (up phase/down phase)
Use arrows for gravities effect
Diagram of a single joint
Identify muscle group and Contraction Type
Identify the type of lever
Label the Axis, Effort and Resistance

10. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) Stretching
Techniques to Increase ROM at a tight muscle
Commonly used on Hamstrings
Why is hamstring flexibility a problem in modern society?
Two principles
Golgi-Tendon Organ (GTO) Firing
Reciprocal Inhibition

11. Golgi Tendon Organs
The GTO are receptors of the tendons of skeletal muscle
They detect changes in tension along the muscle fibers
They relay this information to the spinal cord and brain
When muscle tension is too great, the GTO send inhibitory impulses, causing the muscle to relax (stop contracting)

12. Reciprocal Inhibition
Impulses that cause an antagonist muscle to relax (decrease tension) in order for agonist muscle to contract
Occurs on opposite “sides” of joint in sequence
“Pulled Hamstring” occurs when reciprocal inhibition backfires and quads and hams are contracted at the same time

13. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) Stretching
Hold- Relax
Contract-Relax
Agonist Contraction
Hold-Relax with Agonist Contraction
These techniques are often combined clinically

14. Hold-Relax Flex subjects hip to end of ROM
Take measurement with Goniometer
Have subject isometrically contract hamstrings (antagonist to hip flexion) for 6 seconds
Use verbal cues, “Push against my hands”, etc.
Tell subject to relax hamstring
Flex subjects hip further and hold for seconds
Take second Goniometer measurement

15. Contract-Relax Flex subjects hip to end of ROM
Take measurement with Goniometer
Have subject isometrically contract hamstrings (antagonist to hip flexion) for 6 seconds
Use verbal cues, “Push against my hands”, etc.
Tell subject to relax hamstring
Have subject concentrically contract quadriceps to flex hip and hold for seconds
Take second Goniometer measurement

16. Agonist Contraction
Have subject concentrically contract quadriceps to flex hip to end of ROM
Take measurement with Goniometer
Have subject isometrically contract hamstrings (antagonist to hip flexion) for 6 seconds
Use verbal cues, “Push against my hands”, etc.
Tell subject to relax hamstring
Have subject concentrically contract quadriceps to flex hip and hold for seconds
Take second Goniometer measurement

17. Hold-Relax with Agonist Contraction
Have subject concentrically contract quadriceps to flex hip to end of ROM
Take measurement with Goniometer
Have subject isometrically contract hamstrings (antagonist to hip flexion) for 6 seconds
Use verbal cues, “Push against my hands”, etc.
Tell subject to relax hamstring
Flex subjects hip further and hold for seconds
Take second Goniometer measurement

18. For Next Week
Lab Report 3
Readings: H&K: Ch5 cont’d. ,TG: