1. The Active Sun

2. Sunspots Umbra Penumbra Granulation

3. Features of Sunspots FDarker than surrounding photosphere @Cooler FGranulation inhibited (movie)movie FOccur in pairs FSunspot Cycle

4. Sunspot Cycle

5. Maunder Butterfly Diagram

7. Magnetic Polarities Opposite polarities within a pair Pairs in opposite hemispheres have opposite polarity Entire structure reverses every cycle S N S N S N Beginning of cycleLater in the same cycle N N S S S N N S The next cycle N N S S

8. Babcock Model FTwo features combine to produce sunspots @General Magnetic Field @Differential Rotation

9. Wrapping Field Lines Link

11. Model Check List FSpots first appear 30° from equator @opposite polarities within pair @switched polarities in other hemisphere FBecome more numerous and closer to the equator as the wrapping continues @Maximum is reached midway FMagnetic field lines untangle @fewer spots, closer to equator @when totally untangled, the field is flipped

12. Should Other Stars Have Spot Cycles? FRequirements @Magnetic Field @Differential Rotation @Instability below photosphere Convective Zone

13. Plages

14. Prominences Movie

15. Flares October 29, 2003 Coronal Mass Ejection

16. Solar-Terrestrial Relationships FLight - Heat FParticles - Solar Wind, Flares @Radio Communication Disruption @Aurorae (The Movie)The Movie

18. Aurora Borealis

19. Earth’s Magnetic Field

20. Tree Rings FWidth follows a 22-year cycle @In phase with sunspots

21. Maunder Minimum Global Climate