1. Gastrointestinal System ORAL CAVITY Dr. Zainab H.H. Dept. of physiology College of medicine Al-Nahrain University

3. ORAL CAVITY There are 3 main structures in the oral cavity these are:1.Teeth.2.Tongue. 3.Salivary glands 3.Salivary glands.

4. TEETH: they are important for the process of mastication (chewing). Mastication is vital because: 1.result in the opening or destruction of the cellulose covering of most fruits and raw vegetables. 2.aids in the digestion of food by digestive enzymes act only on the surface of the food particles. 3.bolus formed will be reduced into a paste form.

5. SALIVARY GLANDS

6. There are 3 chief paired salivary glands these are: 1)Parotid. 2)Submandibular (submaxillary). 3)Sublingual.

7. 3 types of secretory cells in salivary glands: Serous cells: ……….. (Parotid gland) serous  secret serous secretion ptyalin  provide enzyme ptyalin (salivary α- amylase) for digestion of starch,  secretion is thin and watery. Mucus cells: ……… (sublingual gland)  secret mucus secretion  contains mucin  secretion is viscid (thick). Seromucinous cells. ……(submaxillary gland)

8. SALIVARY GLANDS: structure of gland is similar to a"bunch of grapes. acinus, the blind end of each duct, lined with acinar cells secretes the initial saliva. branching duct system  is lined with columnar epithelial cells,  modify the saliva.

10. a- acinus –produces an initial saliva –initial saliva composition is about the same as plasma. is isotonic has the same Na, k, Cl, and HCO concentrations as plasma Myoepithelial cells  in acinus and initial ducts  contract when saliva production is stimulated  eject saliva into the mouth.

11. b- ducts modify the saliva by the following processes: 1-reabsorb Na and Cl, makes the concentrations of these ions lower than plasma concentrations 2-secrete K and HCO 3, makes the concentrations of these ions higher than plasma concentrations.. 3- are relatively impermeable to water. Saliva:…. Becomes: »hypotonic »dilute relative to plasma.

13. Aldosterone:  similar to kidney: Na ⁺ and Cl  increases the absorption of Na ⁺ and Cl ⁻ from the saliva K ⁺  secretion of K ⁺ to the saliva Addison disease:?

14. Aldosterone:  similar to kidney: Na ⁺ and Cl  increases the absorption of Na ⁺ and Cl ⁻ from the saliva K ⁺  secretion of K ⁺ to the saliva Addison disease:?  there is a high Na ⁺ /K ⁺ ratio in saliva.

15. COMPOSITION OF SALIVA daily secretion of saliva is about 1-1.5 liter per day. contains: 1.Water 99.5%. 2.Solids 0.5%. solid materials are: 1.Organic 2.Inorganic

16. Organic constituents of saliva: 1.Protein mucin. 2.Ptyalin or α-amylase  for the digestion of starch. 3.Lingual lipase  plays an important role in the hydrolysis of triglycerides.  differs from pancreatic lipase in that it does not need a detergent for its action.  digest as much as 30% of dietary triglycerides

17. 4.Specific blood group antigen (ABO system):  are present in 80% of the people  are called (secretors)  is important in medico-legal significance. 5. Immunoglobulin A  can destroy the bacteria including those that cause the dental caries.

18. Inorganic constituents of saliva: ANIONS  such as chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate, Floride  Floride is important to prevent dental caries, CATIONS  such as calcium, sodium and potassium.  calcium salts : might be the source of tartar deposits on the teeth.

19. PH of saliva

20. is between (6-7.4). is quiet favorable for action of enzyme ptyalin. At PH 7: saliva is saturated with calcium so that teeth do not lose calcium to the saliva. at more acidic PH calcium will be lost from the teeth to saliva.

21. INNERVATIONOF SALIVARY GLANDS

22. INNERVATION OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS are supplied with: efferent fibers from both  parasympathetic  sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. parasympathetic stimulation causes:  Increase salivation (copious secretion).  produces a rapid flow of large amount of watery saliva from the gland.

23. Sympathetic stimulation causes: 1.Mainly vasoconstriction. 2. Some secretory response which is more variable than that of the parasympathetic depends on the species and the gland,  submandibular gland causes the secretion of small amounts of thick viscid saliva rich in organic constituents  has no effect on parotid secretion. 3.Contraction of the myoepithelial cells.

25. FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA 1.moisten, lubricate and soften food, 2.keeps the mouth wet and facilitates speech. 3.important for the taste sensation it acts as a solvent. 4.contains 3 buffering systems are: a. bicarbonate, b. phosphonate, c. mucin. 5. has a digestive function through its enzyme ptyalin and lingual lipase. 6. Oral hygiene flow of saliva plays a very important role in maintaining healthy oral tissues.

26. Disturbance of salivary secretion: Xerostomia (Deficiency of salivary secretion) Due to: ?Emotional state such as fear or anxiety. ? Dehydration. Fever. Anticholinergic drugs. sialorhoea (Hyper salivation) due to: Pregnancy. Tumours of the mouth or tongue or even a carious tooth (reflex stimulation of salivary secretion due to local irritation). Diseases of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas such as tumor of the esophagus or spasm, gastric or duodenal ulcer, pancreatitis, (esophago-salivary reflex).

27. Esophagus

28. Functions of the Esophagus: secretes mucus to prevent excoriation in upper esophagus and to protect lower esophagus from acid. transports food into the stomach. It does not produce digestive enzymes, and it does not carry on absorption. The passage of food from the laryngopharynx into the esophagus is regulated at the entrance to the esophagus by a sphincter (a circular band or ring of muscle that is normally contracted) called the upper esophageal sphincter or valve, it consists of skeletal muscle The elevation of the larynx causes the sphincter to relax, allowing the bolus to enter the esophagus. This sphincter also relaxes during exhalation. esophagus is controlled by the medulla oblongata and it is innervated by vagus and sympathetic NS

29. Just superior to the level of the diaphragm, the esophagus narrows slightly. This narrowing is a physiological sphincter in the inferior part of the esophagus composed of smooth muscle known as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) or valve. in this case the esophagus, which functions like a sphincter even though no sphincter muscle is actually present.)

30. mechanism of swallowing : a-nasopharynx closes breathing is inhibited. b-laryngeal muscles contract to close glottis elevate the larynx. c-Peristalsis begins in pharynx to propel food toward esophagus. upper esophageal sphincter relaxes: to permit entry of the food bolus into the esophagus.

31. mechanism of esophageal motility: a- upper esophageal sphincter relaxes to permit the swallowed food bolus to enter the esophagus. b- upper esophageal sphincter then contracts so that food will not reflux. c- A primary peristaltic contraction creates an area of increased pressure just behind the food bolus. d- peristaltic contraction moves down the esophagus, propelling the food bolus along. Gravity Gravity accelerates the movement.

32. e- A secondary peristaltic contraction clears the esophagus of any food remaining. f- lower esophageal sphincter relaxes as the food bolus approaches it. orad region of stomach relaxes (“receptive relaxation”), allowing the food bolus to enter the stomach.

33. Esophagus Peristalsis: –Produced by a series of localized reflexes in response to distention of wall by bolus. Wave-like muscular contractions: –Circular smooth muscle contract behind, relaxes in front of the bolus. Followed by longitudinal contraction (shortening) of smooth muscle below the bolus and pushing its walls outward Rate of 2-4 cm/sec. –After food passes into stomach, LES constricts. Insert 18.4a

34. Clinical correlations of esophageal motility a-Gastric reflux (Heartburn) :  decreased tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (gastric contents reflux into esophagus), or  secondary peristalsis does not completely clear the esophagus of food. b- Achalasia: lower esophageal sphincter does not relax during swallowing, food accumulates in the esophagus.