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Chapter 2 Perception of Self and Others
COMMUNICATE! Chapter 2 Perception of Self and Others
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Learning Outcomes LO1 Discover how the perception process works LO2 Examine how self-perception is formed and maintained LO3 Describe how we form perceptions of others LO4 Discuss how to increase the accuracy of our perception of self and others LO5 Analyze how perception influences and is influenced by communication
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Discover how the perception process works
LO1 Discover how the perception process works
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Perception LO1 The process of selectively
attending to information and assigning meaning to it. LO1
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Attention and Selection
Choice of sensory stimuli depends on: Needs Interests Expectations LO1
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Organization Number of stimuli we attend to is substantial. Brain organizes stimuli using: Simplicity Pattern LO1
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Interpretation As the brain selects and organizes information, it also interprets the information by assigning meaning to it. LO1
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Dual Processing Our capacity to take in and process information is limited Mind developed two-pronged approach Automatic processing – heuristics Conscious processing - deliberative LO1
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Examine how self-perception is formed and maintained
LO2 Examine how self-perception is formed and maintained
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Perception of Self LO2 Self-perception
Overall view we have of ourselves Self-concept Perception of our skills, abilities, etc. Self-esteem Evaluation we make about our personal worthiness based on self-concept
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Self-Concept LO2 Personal experiences critical to forming
Positive first experiences Negative first experiences
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Self-Concept LO2 Shaped by how others react and respond to us
Use comments to validate or alter perceptions Feedback may reveal abilities never before associated with ourselves Reactions from someone we respect are more powerful
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Ideal Self-Concept LO2 As interact with others, form ideal self-concept What we would like to be
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Self-Esteem LO2 Our positive or negative evaluation of our competencies and traits Importance we place on what we do well or poorly
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Cultural Norms and Self-Perceptions
LO2 Cultural norms play a critical role in shaping self-concept and self-esteem Independent-self perceptions Based on belief traits internal to person Interdependent-self perceptions Based on belief traits that are specific to a particular context or relationship
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Cultural Norms and Self-Perceptions
Cultural norms play a role in shaping self-perception around masculine and feminine self-perception. LO2
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Cultural Norms and Self-Perceptions
Some people involved in more than one cultural group May develop both types of self-perception Switch “cultural frames” LO2
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Accuracy and Distortion
Incongruence Self-fulfilling prophecies Filtering messages Media images LO2
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Discuss how perception influences and is influenced by communication
LO5 Discuss how perception influences and is influenced by communication
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Self-Perception and Communication
LO5 Self-talk Internal conversation have with ourselves Positive self-perception = positive self-talk Negative self-perception = negative self-talk
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Self-Perception and Communication
LO5 Talk about others Positive self-perception = take credit for success Self-perceptions influence how we talk about ourselves with others
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Self-Perception and Communication
LO5 Influences how talk about others to ourselves More accurate self-perception = more likely to perceive others accurately More positive self-perception = more likely to see others favorably
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Self-Perception and Communication
LO5 Social construction of self Presenting different aspects of self-concept based on situation and people involved
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Self-Perception and Communication
LO5 Self-monitoring Internal process of being aware of how coming across to others and adjusting behavior
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Changing Self-Perceptions
Fairly enduring characteristics, but can be changed Therapy and self-help techniques Improving self-perception will improve how you interact with others and, thus, your self-perception LO5
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Describe how we form perceptions of others
LO3 Describe how we form perceptions of others
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Uncertainty Reduction
LO3 Theory that explains how individuals monitor social environment to know more about themselves and others As reduce uncertainty, become more comfortable
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Implicit personality theory Assumed similarity
Forming Impressions LO3 Physical appearance Implicit personality theory Assumed similarity
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Reasons give for others and own behavior Situational attribution
Making Attributions LO3 Reasons give for others and own behavior Situational attribution Dispositional attribution
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Inaccurate and Distorted Perceptions
LO3 Selective perception Forced consistency Prejudice Stereotypes Discrimination
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LO4 Discuss how to increase the accuracy of our perception of self and others
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Improving Perceptions
LO4 Question accuracy of perceptions. Use conscious processing. Seek more information. Realize perceptions will change over time. Seek clarification by perception checking.
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