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Models/Frameworks for Assignment 1
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National Culture
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Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck
American anthropologists and social theorists Florence Kluckhohn Center for the Study of Values Harvard Values Project Value orientation method (VOM) 1940s-1950s: A tool to help identify differences in core values across cultures Five common concerns Three ways to respond called value orientations
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Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961)
Cultural Dimensions Relationship with Nature Relationship with People Human Activities Relationship with Time Human Nature Scale Anchors Mastery Individualistic Being Past Good Harmony Collateral Becoming Present Neutral Subjugation Lineal Doing Future Evil
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Geert Hofstede Dutch management researcher Late 1960s and early 1970s
Surveyed over 100,000 employees of IBM 50 countries in three regions Work-related attitudes across the countries
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Hofstede (1980) Cultural Dimensions Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism-Collectivism Masculinity-Femininity Short-term vs. Long-term Scale Anchors Low Individualism Masculinity Short-term High Collectivism Femininity
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Edward T. Hall American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher
Hall first created the concept of proxemics He coined the term polychronic Did not provide individual scores for countries
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Hall (1981) Cultural Dimensions Context Space Time Scale Anchors Low
Centre of Power Monochronic High Centre of Community Polychronic
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Fons Trompenaars Dutch management researcher
Studied Shell and other managers 15000 managers from 28 countries representing 47 national cultures Over a period of ten years
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Trompenaars (1993) Cultural Dimensions Universalism-Particularism
Individualism-Collectivism Specific-Diffuse Neutral-Affective Achievement-Ascription Time Perspective Relationship with Environment Scale Anchors Universalism Individualism Specific Neutral Achievement Past/present Inner-directed Particularism Collectivism Diffuse Affective Ascription Future Outer-directed
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Shalom Schwartz Israeli social psychologist, cross-cultural researcher
and author of theory of basic human values More psychological view Motivational goals are the essential distinction between societal values Ten universal human values Level of analysis Three dimensions at the cultural level
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Schwartz (1992) Autonomy (Intellectual and Affective)
Cultural Dimensions Conservatism-Autonomy Hierarchy-Egalitarianism Mastery-Harmony Scale Anchors Conservatism Hierarchy Mastery Autonomy (Intellectual and Affective) Egalitarianism Harmony
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GLOBE (2004) Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior
Effectiveness Robert House 170 researchers collected data over seven years 18000 managers in 62 countries Wide variety of industries and sizes of organisations
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GLOBE (2004) Cultural Dimensions Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance
Humane Orientation Institutional Collectivism In-group Collectivism Assertiveness Gender Egalitarianism Future Orientation Performance Orientation Scale Anchors Low High
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Geographic Culture Clusters
GLOBE Clusters Geographic Culture Clusters Anglo Latin America Latin Europe Eastern Europe Germanic Europe Nordic Europe Sub-Saharan Africa Arab Southern Asia Confucian Asia
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Luciara Nardon and Richard Steers
Assistant Professor at Carleton University Cross-cultural management Virtual organizations Cultural approaches to technology management Socio-cognitive institutions Professor at University of Oregan Culture, cognition, and managerial communication Culture and leadership Culture and management practices
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Core Cultural Dimensions
Hierarchy-Equality Individualism-Collectivism Mastery-Harmony Monochronism-Polychronism Universalism-Particularism Scale Anchors Strongly Hierarchical Strongly Individualistic Strongly Mastery-Oriented Strongly Monochronic Strongly Universalistic Moderately Hierarchical Moderately Individualistic Moderately Mastery-Oriented Moderately Monochronic Moderately Universalistic Moderately Egalitarian Moderately Collectivistic Moderately Harmony-Oriented Moderately Polychronic Particularistic Strongly Egalitarian Strongly Collectivistic Strongly Harmony-Oriented Strongly
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Core Cultural Dimensions for Country Clusters
Anglo Arab East European East/Southeast Asian Germanic Latin American Latin European Nordic Sub-Saharan African Hierarchy-Equality ME SH MH SE Individualism-Collectivism SI SC MC MI Mastery-Harmony SM MM Monochronism-Polychronism SP MP Universalism-Particularism MU SU
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Communication
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Communication Secondary Source: Lewicki, Barry and Saunders (2010)
Message in Medium Receive and Interpret Communicator B Encode with language Communicator A Secondary Source: Lewicki, Barry and Saunders (2010)
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Communication (Cooper, Calloway-Thomas, & Simonds, 2007) Beliefs
Attitudes Communication My perception of you My perception of your perception of me Your perception of me Your self-perception Your perception of my perception of you My self-perception Values Topic Time Place (Cooper, Calloway-Thomas, & Simonds, 2007)
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Intercultural Communication Process
Sender Encodes Meaning Medium Message Receiver Decodes Meaning Noise Culture Feedback Source: Deresky (2011)
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Culture and Communication: A Model
Culture 1: Sender’s normative beliefs about appropriate communication behaviour Culturally compatible communication style Sender’s communication style Other influences on communication processes Receiver’s communication style Culture 2: Receiver’s normative beliefs about appropriate communication behaviour Culturally compatible communication style Source: Steers, Sanchez-Runde & Nardon (2010)
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