1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Infants, Children, and Adolescents Chapter 5 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:  Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;  Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images;  Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Body Growth  Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1; 75% by age 2  Grow in spurts  Gain “baby fat” until about 9 months, then get slimmer  Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys, some ethnic differences

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Growth Trends Cephalocaudal  “Head to tail”  Lower part of body grows later than the head Proximodistal  “Near to far”  Extremities grow later than head, chest, and trunk

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Growth During First Two Years Figure 5.1

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Skull at Birth Figure 5.3

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Brain Development  Human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons that store/transmit information  At birth, brain closest to adult size than any other physical structure  Neurons send messages by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters. Figure 5.4

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Major Milestones of Brain Development Figure 5.5

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Methods for Measuring Brain Functioning Table 5.1

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Figure 5.7

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Regions of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 5.8

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Lateralization and Plasticity of the Cerebral Cortex Specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain is called lateralization. Left hemisphere: best at processing information in a sequential, analytic way Left hemisphere: best at processing information in a sequential, analytic way Right hemisphere: best at processing information in a holistic, integrative manner Right hemisphere: best at processing information in a holistic, integrative manner In a highly plastic cerebral cortex, many areas are not yet committed to one function; consequently, the cortex has a high capacity for learning.

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sensitive Periods in Brain Development  Early, extreme sensory deprivation results in permanent brain damage and loss of function.  Babies born with cataracts in both eyes who have corrective surgery within 4 to 6 months show rapid improvement in vision.  The longer the surgery is postponed, the less complete the recovery of visual skills.

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Brain Development in Orphanage Children  Children adopted from Romanian orphanages before age 6 months showed dramatic cognitive and physical gains.  Those adopted after 6 months showed serious intellectual deficits.  The chronic stress of early, deprived orphanage rearing disrupts the brain’s ability to manage stress, with long-term consequences. Figure 5.9

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Appropriate Stimulation Experience-expectant growth Ordinary experiences “expected” by brain to grow normally Occurs early and naturally Experience-dependent growth Specific experience, varies widely across cultures Rushing early learning can overwhelm young brains. © Andres Rodriguez | Dreamstime.comAndres RodriguezDreamstime.com

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sleep Patterns  Sleep moves to an adult-like night–day schedule during the first year.  Sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2.  Night wakings often increase between the ages of 1½ and 2 years, and then decline.  Affected by brain development and social environment © Michael Pettigrew | Dreamstime.comMichael PettigrewDreamstime.com

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cultural Variations in Infant Sleeping Arrangements  Cosleeping is the norm for 90% of the world’s population.  Cultural values of collectivism versus individualism strongly influence infant sleeping arrangements.  Cosleeping is increasing in the United States, perhaps because more mothers are breastfeeding.

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Influences on Early Growth HeredityNutrition  Breast v. bottle feeding  Malnutrition Emotional well-being  Problems can cause failure to thrive. © Dean Mitchell | Dreamstime.comDean MitchellDreamstime.com

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Benefits of Breastfeeding  Correct fat – protein balance  Nutritionally complete  Promotes healthy growth patterns  Disease protection  Better jaw and tooth development  Ensures digestibility  Easier transition to solid food

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Are Chubby Babies at Risk for Later Obesity? Recent research shows a relationship between rapid weight gain in infancy and later obesity. What to do? Breastfeed for six months. Breastfeed for six months. Avoid foods loaded with sugar, salt, and saturated fats. Avoid foods loaded with sugar, salt, and saturated fats. Promote physical exercise. Promote physical exercise. Limit TV viewing time. Limit TV viewing time.

20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Malnutrition Types Marasmus Marasmus Kwashiorkor Kwashiorkor Iron-deficiency anemia Iron-deficiency anemia Food insecurity Food insecurity Consequences Physical symptoms Physical symptoms Growth and weight problems Growth and weight problems Poor motor development Poor motor development Learning, attention problems Learning, attention problems Passivity, irritability, anxiety Passivity, irritability, anxiety

21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Steps of Classical Conditioning Figure 5.10

22. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Operant Conditioning Terms Reinforcer Increases probability of behavior occurring again Presenting desirable stimulus Presenting desirable stimulus Removing unpleasant stimulus Removing unpleasant stimulus Punishment Reduces probability of behavior occurring again Presenting unpleasant stimulus Presenting unpleasant stimulus Removing desirable stimulus Removing desirable stimulus

23. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Using Habituation to Study Infants Figure 5.11

24. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Imitation by Human and Chimpanzee Newborns Figure 5.12

25. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Sequence of Motor Development Gross-motor development Crawling, standing, walking Crawling, standing, walking Fine-motor development Reaching and grasping Reaching and grasping © Felix Mizioznikov | Dreamstime.comFelix MizioznikovDreamstime.com

26. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Gross- and Fine-Motor Development in the First Two Years Table 5.2 Sources: Bayley 1969, 1993, 2005

27. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill Four factors in each new skill: 1. CNS development 2. Body’s movement capacity 3. Child’s goals 4. Environmental supports © Alberalber | Dreamstime.comAlberalberDreamstime.com

28. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cultural Variations in Motor Development Home environments and infant rearing practices affect motor development. Some cultures discourage rapid motor progress. Some cultures discourage rapid motor progress. Kipsigis of Kenya and the West Indians of Jamaica teach early motor skills. Kipsigis of Kenya and the West Indians of Jamaica teach early motor skills. Western parents consider crawling and “tummy time” essential, but not all cultures do. Western parents consider crawling and “tummy time” essential, but not all cultures do.

29. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Milestones of Reaching Figure 5.14

30. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bowel and Bladder Control Toilet training is best delayed until the months following the second birthday. Effective training techniques include establishing regular toileting routines. using gentle encouragement. praising children for their effort. © Ilyssa Tonnessen | Dreamstime.comIlyssa TonnessenDreamstime.com

31. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Developments in Hearing 4 – 7 months Sense of musical phrasing 6–8 months “Screen out” sounds from non-native languages 7 – 9 months Divide the speech stream into word- like units 10 months Can detect words that start with weak syllables

32. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Improvements in Vision Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision skills. 2–4 months: focus and color vision 6 months: acuity, scanning, and tracking 6–7 months: depth perception © Mitja Mladkovic | Dreamstime.comMitja MladkovicDreamstime.com

33. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Steps in Depth Perception Birth– 1 month Sensitivity to motion cues Sensitivity to motion cues 2–3 months Sensitivity to binocular cues Sensitivity to binocular cues 6–7 months Sensitivity to pictorial cues Sensitivity to pictorial cues Wariness of heights Wariness of heights

34. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Steps in Pattern Perception 3 weeks  Poor contrast sensitivity  Prefer large simple patterns 2 months  Can detect fine-grained detail  Prefer complex patterns 4 months  Can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present boundaries are not really present 12 months  Can detect objects if two-thirds of drawing is missing of drawing is missing

35. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Appearance of Checkerboards to Very Young Infants Figure 5.17

36. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Subjective Boundaries in Visual Patterns Figure 5.18

37. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Face Perception Figure 5.19