1. Emotion Emotion a response of the whole organism (fear) physiological
Cognitive
Feeling component
Sense state of arousal
Similar situation
Behavior response fight or flight

2. Basic Emotions
Paul Ekman
Fear Happiness
Sadness Surprise
Anger
Disgust
Contempt

3. Does your heart pound
because you are afraid...
or are you afraid
because you feel
your heart pounding?

4. Men vs. women Emotion
Biology
Women panic disorder and depression
Men- show anger emotional arousal
Culture
Men are reinforced dominate, anger aggressive behavior. Punish emotional
Women- reinforced emotion
Punich dominate behavior is punished.

5. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion- arousing stimuli
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)

6. James-Lange Theory

7. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
physiological responses
subjective experience of emotion

8. Cannon-Bard Theory

9. Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear
(emotion)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
To experience emotion one must:
be physically aroused
cognitively label the arousal

10. Two-Factor Theory

11. Cognition and Emotion Must cognition precede emotion?
Some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking.

12. Cognition and Emotion
The brain’s shortcut for emotions

13. Two Routes to Emotion

14. Two Dimensions of Emotion
Positive
valence
Negative
High
arousal
Low
pleasant
relaxation
joy
sadness
fear
anger

15. Emotion and Physiology
Autonomic Nervous System– controls our arousal.
Epinephrine--a hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency.

16. Emotion and Physiology
Autonomic nervous system controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Pupils dilate
Decreases
Perspires
Increases
Accelerates
Inhibits
Secrete stress
hormones
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils contract
Dries
Slows
Activates
secretion of
stress
EYES
SALIVATION
SKIN
RESPIRATION
HEART
DIGESTION
ADRENAL
GLANDS

17. Arousal and Performance
Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well- learned tasks

18. Emotion- Lie Detectors
Polygraph
machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
perspiration
cardiovascular
breathing changes

19. Emotion--A Polygraph Examination

20. Emotion--Lie Detectors
Control Question
Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone?
Relevant Question
Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way?
Relevant > Control --> Lie

21. Emotion--Lie Detectors
Control
question
Relevant
(a)
(b)
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate

22. Emotion-- Lie Detectors
Percentage
Innocent
people
Guilty 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
50 Innocents
50 Thieves
1/3 of innocent declared guilty
1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

23. Emotion--Lie Detectors
Is 70% accuracy good?
Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees
285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy?
Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees (including 999 innocents)
50 wrongly declared guilty
1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

24. Emotion--Lie Detectors
Guilty knowledge test--typically used to assess a suspect’s responses to details of a crime.

25. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication– people are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of anger. In a crowd of faces, a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy one. Introverts tend to do better at reading others’ emotions, although extraverts are easier to read.

26. Nonverbal Communication
People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one

27. Gender, Emotion, & Nonverbal Behavior
Females are better at reading people’s emotional cues.
Women are also far more likely than men to describe themselves as empathic (identifying with others).
Women also react more visibly to films displaying emotions.
Women and men also differ in the emotions they express best.
Women recalled being happy nearly 2/3's of the time, but they were able to spot it less than half the time when observing men.
Men, however slightly surpassed women in conveying their anger.

28. Expressed Emotion Gender and expressiveness Number of expressions
Men
Women
Sad Happy Scary
Film Type 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Number of
expressions

29. Detecting and Computing Emotion
Psychologists are now linking
various emotions with specific facial
muscles (Paul Ekman)
We don’t do well using our intuition to determine if someone is lying (50% of the time we guess right). When people aren’t seeking to deceive us, we do much better.
Our brains are amazing emotion detectors.
Computers outperformed human non-experts, with 91% accuracy in recognizing six facial expressions.
communication. Problems??? :) :-(

30. Expressed Emotion
Culturally universal expressions

31. Culture and Emotional Expression
Facial expression such as happiness and fear are common throughout the world. (Universal language)
Americans are more likely than Asians to openly display their feelings by their facial expressions.
Children’s facial expressions – even those of blind children who have never seen a face– are also universal.
To effectively manage emotions, people would be best advised to control their facial expressions.

33. Experienced Emotion
Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

34. The Effects of Facial Expressions
When people
mimicked
expressions of
emotion,
they experienced
those emotions.

35. Experienced Emotion
The ingredients of emotion

36. Emotion and Facial Expressions
Each basic emotion is associated with a unique facial expression
Facial expressions are innate and “hard- wired”
Innate facial expressions the same across many cultures
Display rules—social and cultural rules that regulate emotional expression, especially facial expressions.

37. Learning Fear The Amygdala- a neural key to fear learning.
Fears are learned!

41. The Biology of Fear The amygdala plays a key role in associating
various emotions,
including fear,
with certain
situations.

42. The Biology of Fear
Rabbits fail to react with fear to a signal of impending shock if they have suffered damage to the amygdala

45. Anger (Rage)
Anger is most often evoked by events that not only are frustrating or insulting but also are interpreted as willful, unjustified, and avoidable.
Blowing off steam may be temporarily calming, but in the long run it does not reduce anger.
Expressing anger can actually cause more anger.

46. Catharsis

47. Experienced Emotion Catharsis Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
emotional release
catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

48. Experienced Emotion Subjective Well-Being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
used along with measures of objective well-being
physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

49. Experienced Emotion
Moods across the day

50. Experienced Emotion
Changing materialism

51. Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person
Year
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 0%
Average
per-person
after-tax income
in 1995 dollars
Percentage
describing
themselves as
very happy
$20,000
$19,000
$18,000
$17,000
$16,000
$15,000
$14,000
$13,000
$12,000
$11,000
$10,000
$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
Percentage very happy
Personal income

52. Experienced Emotion Values and life satisfaction Importance scores
Money
Love
Life satisfaction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Importance
scores

53. Experienced Emotion The Adaptation-Level Principle:
Happiness is Relative to Our Prior Experience– If our current condition– income, grade point average, or social prestige, for example– increases, we feel an initial surge of pleasure. We then adapt to this new level of achievement, come to consider it as normal, and require something even better to give us another surge of happiness.

54. Experienced Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon Relative Deprivation
tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level
brightness of lights
volume of sound
level of income
defined by our prior experience
Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

55. Happiness is... However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People Tend to
Have high self-esteem
(in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, Such as
Age
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness
Money

56. How to be Happier
1. Realize that enduring happiness doesn’t come from financial success.
2. Take control of your time
3. Act happy
4. Seek work and leisure that engages your skills.
5. Join the “movement” movement
6. Give your body the sleep it wants
7. Give priority to close relationships
8. Focus beyond self
9. Be grateful
10.Nurture your spiritual self

57. Close Up: Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion
Opponent process theory--every initial emotional reaction triggers an opposing emotion that diminishes the intensity of the initial emotional reaction.

58. Bike Tumbler

59. Human Cannonball

60. Jerk

61. Cats

62. Load your bike

63. Olympic Dive

64. Riding the escalator

65. Going Home on Friday

66. Noah