1. The American Nation Chapter 27 The World War II Era, 1935–1945 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Chapter 27, Section 1 Stalin’s Dictatorship in the Soviet Union Lenin had set up a communist government in the Soviet Union. After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin gained power. He ruled as a totalitarian dictator. In a totalitarian state, a single party controls the government and people’s lives. –Citizens do not ask questions. –Criticism is punished. Stalin modernized industry and agriculture, but his methods were brutal. –Peasants had to hand over land and animals to government-run farms. Millions who resisted were executed or sent to labor camps. –Stalin staged trials and executed his political enemies.

3. Vladimir Lenin Today

4. Josef Stalin

5. Prisoners in Stalin Forced Labor Camps

6. Chapter 27, Section 1 Fascism in Italy Benito Mussolini and his Fascist party seized power in 1922. Fascism combined militarism, extreme nationalism, and blind loyalty to the state. –Fascists were supported by business leaders and landowners. –Mussolini played on Italian anger over the Versailles Treaty, which hadn’t given Italy all the territory it wanted after World War I. –He also used economic unrest and fears of communist revolution. Mussolini outlawed all political parties except his own. –He controlled the press and banned criticism. –Critics were jailed or murdered. Mussolini promised to restore the greatness of ancient Rome. –He began a program of military aggression. Aggression is a warlike act by one country against another without just cause. –In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia. The Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie asked the League of Nations for help, but the League responded weakly. Ethiopia fell.

7. Allies signing Versailles Treaty

8. Benito Mussolini

9. Some of Italy’s Forces moving into Ethiopia

10. Haile Selassie

11. Chapter 27, Section 1 Nazism in Germany Adolf Hitler brought the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazis, to power in Germany. Hitler also played on anger about the Versailles Treaty, which blamed Germany for World War I and made them pay heavy war costs. Hitler blamed Jews and other traitors. Hitler was using Jews and others as scapegoats—a person or group on whom to blame one’s problems. In 1933, Hitler became head of the German government. He ended democratic rule and created a militaristic totalitarian state. The government controlled the press, schools, and religion.

12. National Socialist German Worker’s Party

13. Adolf Hitler’s Manifesto Mein Kampf

14. Adolf Hitler

15. Adolf Hitler in WWI

16. Chapter 27, Section 1 Nazism in Germany Hitler preached that Germans belonged to a superior race. The Nazis singled out Jews for special persecution. The Jews were deprived of citizenship, forbidden to use public facilities, and driven out of their jobs. Later, Jews were sent to concentration camps—prison camps for civilians who are considered enemies of the state. In time, Hitler would unleash his plan to kill all European Jews. Hitler claimed that Germany had a right to expand to the east. He began to rebuild Germany’s military. In 1936, German troops moved into the Rhineland, near the borders of France and Belgium.

17. Jewish Store Guarded by two SS Soilders, Sign says no respectable German would shop here

18. The Nazi’s labeled all Jewish Stores

19. Jewish students are made fun of, writing says the Jews are the enemy

20. Piling in Train Cars off to Concentration Camps

21. Chapter 27, Section 1 Military Rule in Japan Japan suffered in the Great Depression. People grew impatient with their democratic government, and military leaders took power. Like Hitler, these leaders preached racial superiority. Military rulers set out to expand into Asia. In 1931, Japanese forces seized Manchuria in northeastern China. Manchuria was rich in coal and iron. The Japanese set up a state in Manchuria called Manchukuo. China called on the League of Nations for help. The League condemned Japanese aggression but did little else. The United States refused to recognize Manchukuo but took no action.

22. Japanese Forces Invading Manchuria

23. Japan Stressed Military Superiority

24. League of Nations

25. Japanese Emperor Hiro Hito

26. Chapter 27, Section 1 Neutrality Acts In 1935, Congress passed the first of a series of Neutrality Acts, which banned arms sales and loans to countries at war. Congress also warned Americans not to travel on ships of countries at war. Good Neighbor Policy In 1930, President Hoover had rejected the Roosevelt Corollary. He said that the United States no longer claimed the right to intervene in Latin American affairs. Franklin Roosevelt moved toward building friendlier relations with Latin America. Under his Good Neighbor Policy, American troops withdrew from Nicaragua and Haiti. The United States also canceled the Platt Amendment, which had limited Cuban independence. In the United States, the isolationist mood of the 1920s continued. Americans were determined to keep from becoming involved. American Isolationism

27. US Neutrality

28. Cartoon Illustrating Appeasement

29. Cartoon Illustrating Good Neighbor Policy

30. In 1937, Japan began an all-out war against China. Japanese planes bombed China’s major cities. Japanese troops occupied northern and central China. The Japanese advance into China alarmed American leaders. They thought it would undermine the Open Door Policy, which promised equal access to trade in China. It threatened the nearby Philippines. However, isolationist feelings kept the United States from taking a firm stand. Chapter 27, Section 2 Aggression in Asia

31. Japanese Invasion of China

32. Japan Moving toward China

33. Chapter 27, Section 2 Aggression in Europe In 1938, Germany annexed Austria. –This action violated the Treaty of Versailles. –Britain and France took no action. Later in 1938, Hitler claimed the Sudetenland, the western part of Czechoslovakia. He said that many people of German heritage lived there. –Britain and France had signed treaties to protect Czechoslovakia but did not want to go to war. –In September, leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany met in Munich. At this Munich Conference, Hitler promised that Germany would take no further territory once it had the Sudetenland. –Britain and France agreed. This practice of giving in to aggression in order to avoid war is known as appeasement.

34. German Troops Welcomed in the Annexation of Austria

35. Leaders Leaving the Munich Conference

36. Chapter 27, Section 2 Aggression in Europe In August 1939, Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi- Soviet Pact. The two rivals agreed not to attack each other. Secretly, they agreed to divide Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe. In September 1939, Hitler launched a blitzkrieg, or lightning war, against Poland. The Poles soon surrendered. The Soviet Union seized eastern Poland. It also invaded Finland and later annexed Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia.

37. Cartoon On Nazi-Soviet Pact

38. Invasion of Poland

39. Planes fly in over Poland in the Blitz

40. German Troops entering Poland

41. Chapter 27, Section 2 Aggression in Europe