1. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 1 Mental Models

2. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 2 Mental Models  A mental model is a way of making sense of something we experience.  It can be used to make predictions when we have to "guess" at what to do.  The mental model need not correspond with "reality", provided the predictions work.

3. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 3 Mental Model of a University  Lecturers are dedicated to help the students  do the best they can  while maintaining standards.  Predictions  If we get stuck we can always ask a lecturer for help.  If we start an assignment too late through laziness then we will not get an extension.

4. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 4 Mental Model on an Object Oriented Program

5. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 5 Objects are "Workers"  A mental model of an object oriented style of program is:  A program is like an office  The objects in the program are like workers in the office.  They are "electronic" workers who can be created and destroyed in the blink of an eye.  They always do exactly what they are told.

6. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 6 Specialised Workers  Objects are specialised.  They know about just one aspect of the program.  They can do a limited range of tasks.  These tasks should be related to their specialisation if the program is designed well.  The tasks are called methods.

7. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 7 Objects are Good at Delegating  An object may delegate parts of its task to other objects.  If we are a customer, giving the object a task, we don't care how he does it.  The object is like a receptionist for a sub- department in our big office.  We give them a job, and some time later they give us the results.

8. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 8 Inside the Sub-Department  If we are nosy we can follow the receptionist into the department.  We will see several other "workers" scurrying around making sure our task was done.  Some of the work will be delegated to other sub-department, who can delegate the work as well …  In most cases we don't need to know this.

9. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 9 Engineers  In some cases we are engineers  responsible for designing these sub-departments and making sure they work.  In this case we need to be nosy.  But we don't need to be engineers for every part of the program.  This is how multi-person projects are built.  We are customers for parts of the code, engineers for others.

10. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 10 Unique, Omnipresent Workers  Some workers are unique and always available.  We can give them work whenever we want  And from anywhere in our program.  We should not have too many such objects.  They influence all parts of our code.  It gets difficult to remember them all.

11. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 11 And The Clones  Other workers can be cloned, so that we can have as many copies of them as we want.  They each have different personal details  But they have the same methods.  We must create them when we need them.  If we ignore them then Java will quietly remove them when they are no longer needed.  We don’t need to remember to remove them.

12. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 12 Only One Objects Is At Work  In many programs,  Only one object is working at any one time.  The other object are either  Waiting for another object to return work.  Waiting to be given some work.  The program is started of by a main object.

13. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 13 Multiple Thread  Some programs can use threads.  Each thread has just one object working.  But the program has many objects working simultaneously.  One for each thread.  Threads are covered in Advanced Programming.

14. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 14 The main Object  In Java every program must have at least one object.  This is the main object.  It starts off the computation.  It is a unique, omnipresent object.  We must define what it does ourselves.

15. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 15 Example Programs As Objects

16. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 16 Program 1 public class Ex1 { public static void main(String[] arg) { System.out.println("Hello World"); }

17. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 17 main Object Ex1  All main classes are defined in the same way: public class { public static void main(String[] arg) { }  The various special words will be explained as the course progresses.

18. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 18 System.out Object  This is unique, omnipresent object supplied by Java.  Its area of responsibility is outputing message to a text window.  It has many different methods, all associated with output.  println outputs text, followed by a newline.

19. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 19 Method Call  We give an object some work by using a method.  The form is  object. method name ( info ) ;  In this example.  Object is System.out  Method name is println  Info is “Hello World”

20. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 20 Program 1 As People  We define what Mr. main has to do.  He wants to say “Hello World”  He knows that Ms System.out does this.  He gives her the println task.  He waits until she has finished  The he finishes as well, his work is done.  He could have used her angry twin sister Ms System.err, who says everything in red.

21. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 21 The Console Family  Mr main also knows that the Console family will say what he wants in a prettier window.  There is no omnipresent Console object so he must create a member of the family first.  He must choose their name and thinks con sounds good. He could choose any name.  He creates the Console object Console con = new Console();

22. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 22 The Console Family  Con also understands the println task. con.println("Hello World");  Hello World is printed in a different place.  The instruction (println) and info (“Hello World”) are the same  But the workers (con and System.out) are different.

23. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 23 The FileOut Family  Now Mr main decides that he wants his words to be stored permanently in a file.  The FileOut family will do this for him.  fout is such a nice name!  He must tell fout the name of the file. FileOut fout = new FileOut("greeting");  The FileOut family also does println. fout.println("Hi Ron");

24. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 24 The FileIn Family  Members of FileIn read from a file.  This is more complicated.  We need to learn some new things before returning to FileIn.

25. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 25 Sequential Statements

26. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 26 Sequential Processing  Each bit of processing consists of a sequence of statements.  The statements are executed one after the other.  One statement must finish before the next one starts.

27. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 27 A Simple Statement  A statement is a single activity.  There are many different types of statements.  They each end with a semi-colon.  Our simple programs have had up to 6 statements.  A statement can be spread over several lines if that makes it easier to read.

28. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 28 Compound Statement  A compound statement is a sequence of statements.  They can be either simple or compound.  A compound statement starts with { and ends with }.  They group statements in more complex structures.  Every method contains its instructions in a compound statement.

29. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 29 Example Program  Our first example program contained a compound statement, the method body.  Which contained one simple statement. public class Ex1 { public static void main(String[] arg) { System.out.println("Hello World"); }

30. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 30 FileIn Program  The FileIn program is slightly more complex. { Console con = new Console(); FileIn fin = new FileIn(); String word = ""; word = fin.readWord(); con.println(word); }

31. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 31 Variables

32. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 32 Mental Model of Computer Memory  Computer programs store temporary values in their memory.  We need to picture how this works.  We can think of a piece of computer memory as a sticky box.  Initially this box is empty.  But we can place a single value in it.

33. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 33 Copying Values  The sticky part means that we cannot take the value out of the box again.  It can never become empty once we give it a value.  We can make as many copies of the value stored in the box as we want to.

34. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 34 Changing Values  The only way we can change the value in the box is by putting a new value in it.  The old value is lost permanently.  We can now take copies of this new value.  A box can only store one value at a time.

35. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 35 Variables  These computer memories or boxes are called variables.  We must give them names, called identifiers.  Identifiers must start with a letter.  Followed by letters and/or numbers.  By convention Java variable names start with a lower case letter.  If they are a sequence of words, then the start of each word except the first is capitalised.

36. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 36 Meaningful Identifiers  We can choose the names in our program so that it is easier for humans to read.  Computers don't care what the names are.  Don't make them too long.  circleArea  con  fout  x2, y2, z2

37. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 37 Types

38. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 38 Different Types of Information  Our computer program can store different types of information in each of its boxes.  Words  Numbers  Objects  Words have type String  Numbers can either be:  Whole numbers or integers, type int  Real numbers (with a decimal point), type double.

39. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 39 Different Types of Information  The boxes can also store objects, with different type, such as Console, FileOut etc.  We can create our own types of objects.  See later in the course.

40. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 40 Literals  A literal is an actual value written in the text of the program.  Different types have different forms of literals.  A String literal must be inside "".  "Hello World"  An int literal is a whole number, eg 42.  A double literal has a decimal point and/or exponential notation, eg 3.14159, 6.0221415e23.

41. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 41 Variable Definitions  We have different boxes for different types.  A String type box can only store text.  We must tell the computer about every box we are going to use before we use it.  This is a variable definition.  It must include both a type and a name.

42. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 42 Variable Definitions (2)  Variable definitions are all statements.  Terminated by ;  They can occur anywhere inside a compound statement.  Examples String firstName, lastName; inti, j, k; double x, y, z;

43. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 43 Initialisation  We can choose to give each box an initial value when we define it.  Otherwise Java will start it off with a zero numerical value or empty text.  Other programming languages may create a variable containing junk.

44. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 44 Initialisation (2)  It is safer to initialise variables when they are created.  To prevent accidentally using a junk value.  Use = in the variable definition.  Examples Console con = new Console(); String word = ""; inti=0, j=0, k=0;

45. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 45 Operations  Each type has a set of operations that work with that type.  Numbers ( int, double ) have the usual arithmetic: +, -, *, /  Strings have join operations, called concatenation.

46. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 46 Expressions  An expression is a calculation that involves some operations.  An arithmetic formula, for example.

47. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 47 Values  Values are results of calculations.  A copy of the values stored in a variable 'box'.  The result of arithmetic.  A literal.  Values can be given to methods as information  println("Hello World")  Or stored in memory (variables).

48. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 48 Assignment  Assignment changes the value stored in a variable.  The old value is no longer there.  The assignment operator is =  This can be confusing.  It does not mean 'is equal to' but copy right to left.  Get the right mental model! String greeting; greeting = "Hi Ron";

49. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 49 Examples  Let us define a variable. double radius = 3.0;  Calculate the area and store the value in a variable. double area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;  Copy the value stored in the radius box (twice),  Multiply by a literal, using the * operator.  Produce an arithmetic expression.  Store the result in a variable (assignment).

50. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 50 Strings

51. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 51 String Type  A String is a sequence of characters.  A character is a letter, a digit, punctuation, spaces, newline, tabs and other special characters.  An empty String literal is "".  A newline in a String is \n.  "line1\nline2"

52. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 52 Concatenation  Concatenation means joining Strings.  We use the + operator.  It will join any two String values. String firstName = "Ron", lastName = "Poet"; String fullName = firstName + " " + lastName;

53. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 53 Conversions from Numbers  A number can be converted to a String using concatenation.  Provided it is not the first item.  If the number is a double then it will be converted with a lot of decimal digits.  Not under user control.  But see later.

54. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 54 Examples  If the value 3 is stored in x and 7 in y, then the string "x = " + x + " y = " + y;  Will become x = 3 y = 7  There is a trick if we want to create a string where the first part is a number.  We make the first part the empty string “” "" + 42 + " is a special number";

55. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 55 The FormatIO Package

56. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 56 Formatted Input and Output  The FormatIO package provides a number of classes (families in our mental model) to provide convenient input and output.  Java is not very good in this area.  FormatIO was initially written for Java 1.0.  Rewritten for Java 1.1  Not yet rewritten for Java 5.0 (hence warnings)

57. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 57 Output Methods  All classes in FormatIO that support output support the same methods.  They just output to different places.  Just consider two for now. print(String) // output the String value println(String) // print followed by newline print("Hi Ron"); print(firstName + " " + lastName);

58. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 58 Input Methods  All FormatIO classes that support input support the same methods.  They just input from different places.  Just consider two for now. readWord() // reads up to next space or newline readLine() // reads next line

59. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 59 Input Methods  They both return a String value, which must be used somehow.  Stored in a variable String word = con.readWord();  passed to another method System.out.println(con.readWord());  part of an expression. String name = con.readWord() + " " + con.readWord();

60. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 60 Console Class  This supports both input and output.  It can be created with a default size and name, or the name and size can be provided.  The size is the number of rows of letters followed by number of columns. con1 = new Console(); con2 = new Console("Rons console"); con3 = new Console(10, 40); con4 = new Console("small", 5, 20);

61. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 61 Console Class (2)  You can have as many console objects as you wish.  It is normal to only have 1.  The save button saves the output.  You are prompted for a file name.  The close button closes that window.  The quit button closes the program.

62. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 62 FileOut, FileIn  They write to a file or read from a file.  You can provide a filename when you create them. FileOut fout = new FileOut("greeting");  If you don't provide a file name then you will get a file chooser window. FileOut fout = new FileOut();

63. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 63 StringIn  If we have a String variable that contains text we can treat it as a source of input.  We can read the text one word at a time.  We create a StringIn variable and then use the method readWord  Or any other FormatIO input method.

64. ITP © Ron Poet Lecture 2 64 StringIn Example String fullName = "Ron Poet"; StringIn sin = new StringIn(fullName); String firstName = sin.readWord(); String lastName = sin.readWord();