1. T U T O R I A L  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 6 Enhancing the Inventory Application Introducing Variables, Memory Concepts and Arithmetic

2.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Outline 6.1 Test-Driving the Enhanced Inventory Application 6.2 Variables 6.3 Handling the TextChanged Event 6.4 Memory Concepts 6.5 Arithmetic 6.6 Using the Debugger: Breakpoints

3.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 In this tutorial you will learn: ■Create variables. ■Handle the TextChanged event. ■Apply basic memory concepts using variables. ■Understand the precedence rules of arithmetic operators. ■Set breakpoints to debug applications. Objectives

4. Application Requirements  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 6.1 Test-Driving the Enhanced Inventory Application The inventory manager notices a flaw in your Inventory application. Although the application calculates the correct result, that result continues to display even after new data is entered. The only time the output changes is when the inventory manager clicks the Calculate Total Button again. You need to alter the Inventory application to clear the result as soon as the user enters new information into either of the TextBox es, to avoid any confusion over the accuracy of your calculated result.

5.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 ■Open Inventory3.sln to test-drive the application (Fig. 6.1). Figure 6.1 | Inventory application GUI displayed when the application runs. Test-Driving the Enhanced Inventory Application

6.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 ■Enter a value into each TextBox and click Calculate Total (Fig. 6.2). Figure 6.2 | Running the Inventory application. Test-Driving the Enhanced Inventory Application (Cont.)

7.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 ■The result displayed in the Total: Label will be removed (Fig. 6.3) when the user enters a new quantity in either TextBox. Figure 6.3 | Enhanced Inventory application clears output Label after new input. Test-Driving the Enhanced Inventory Application (Cont.) Cleared output Label

8.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 ■A variable holds data for your application. –Unlike the Text property of a Label, variable values are not shown to the user by default. –Using variables in an application allows you to store and manipulate data. –Variables store data such as numbers, the date, the time and so on. –However, each variable used in Visual Basic corresponds to exactly one type of information. ■All variables must be declared by using program code. –Declarations that you’ll make within event handlers begin with the keyword Dim. 6.2 Variables

9.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 ■Open the Inventory application’s template file. ■Enter Code view by selecting View > Code (Fig. 6.4). ■Lines 8–10 declare that variables cartons, items and result store data of type Integer, using the As keyword. Figure 6.4 | Declaring variables in event handler calculateButton_Click. Using Variables in the Inventory Application Variable declarations Click event handler

10.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Good Programming Practice Naming your variables: Use only letters and digits as characters for your variable names.

11.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Good Programming Practice Typically: Variable-name identifiers begin with a lowercase letter Every word in the name after the first word should begin with a capital letter for example, firstNumber This is often called camel case.

12.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 ■Once the user enters numbers and clicks Calculate Total, the values found in the Text property of each TextBox control are converted to numerical values by the Val function. ■Line 13 (Fig. 6.5) is read as “ cartons gets the result of the Val function applied to cartonsTextBox.Text.” Figure 6.5 | Retrieving numerical input from TextBox es. Using Variables in the Inventory Application (Cont.) Assigning user input to variables

13.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 ■The Val function returns a numerical value as data type Double when converting a value retrieved from a TextBox’ s Text property. –Data type Double is used to store both whole and fractional numbers. –Normally, Double s store floating-point numbers, which are numbers with decimal points such as 2.3456 and – 845.4680. 6.2 Variables (Cont.)

14.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 ■Lines 13–14 implicitly convert the Double s to Integer values. This process is called implicit conversion because the conversion is performed by Visual Basic without any additional code. –Implicit conversions from Double to Integer are generally considered poor programming practice due to the potential loss of information. 6.2 Variables (Cont.)

15.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 ■Visual Basic defines 15 primitive data types (listed in Fig. 6.6), such as Integer. ■Primitive data type names are also keywords. ■Visual Basic also defines the type Object. ■Together, the primitive data types and type Object are known as built-in data types. 6.2 Variables (Cont.) Figure 6.6 | Visual Basic built-in data types.

16.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 ■The statement in line 17 (Fig. 6.7) multiplies the Integer variable cartons by items and assigns the result to variable result, using the assignment operator =. ■The statement is read as, “ result gets the value of cartons * items.” Figure 6.7 | Multiplication, using variables in calculateButton_Click. Using Variables in a Calculation Calculating and displaying the result

17.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 ■Line 20 assigns the calculation’s result to totalResultLabel ’s Text property. The Label then displays the result (Fig. 6.8). Figure 6.8 | Displaying the multiplication result using variables. Using Variables in a Calculation (Cont.) Result of calculation

18.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 ■Double click the Cartons per shipment: TextBox to generate an event handler for the TextChanged ­ event (Fig. 6.9). ■The notation "" in line 28 is called an empty string, which is a value that does not contain any characters. Handling the TextChanged Event Figure 6.9 | TextChanged event handler for Cartons per shipment: TextBox. TextChanged event handler

19.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 ■You want the result cleared regardless of which TextBox changes value first. ■Double click the Items per carton: TextBox, and add these lines (Fig. 6.10) to perform the same task as Line 28. Figure 6.10 | TextChanged event handler for Items per carton: TextBox. Handling the TextChanged Event (Cont.)

20.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 ■Figure 6.11 presents the source code for the Inventory application. Use keyword Dim to declare variables inside an event handler Outline (1 of 2 ) Assigning a property’s value to a variable

21.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Outline (2 of 2 ) Assigning a variable’s value to a property Setting a Label’s Text property to an empty string

22.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Good Programming Practice If a statement is wider than the code editor window, use the line-continuation character to continue it on the next line.

23.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 ■Variable names—such as cartons, items and result —correspond to actual locations in the computer’s memory. ■Every variable has a name, type, size and value. cartons = Val(cartonsTextBox.Text) ■Suppose that the user enters the characters 12 in the Cartons per shipment: TextBox. When the user clicks Calculate Total, the user input is converted to a Double using Val, then the Double value is implicitly converted to an Integer. 6.4 Memory Concepts

24.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 ■The assignment then places the Integer value 12 in the location for variable cartons, as shown in Figure 6.12. Figure 6.12 | Memory location showing name and value of variable cartons. 6.4 Memory Concepts (Cont.)

25.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 ■Whenever a value is placed in a memory location, this value replaces the value previously stored in that location. ■The previous value is overwritten (lost). 6.4 Memory Concepts (Cont.)

26.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Figure 6.13 | Memory locations after values for variables cartons and items have been input. 6.4 Memory Concepts (Cont.) ■Suppose that the user then enters the characters 10 in the Items per carton: TextBox and clicks Calculate Total (Fig. 6.13). items = Val(itemsTextBox.Text)

27.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 ■Once the Calculate Total Button is clicked, line 17 multiplies these values and places their total into variable result. result = cartons * items ■This performs the multiplication and replaces result ’s previous value. 6.4 Memory Concepts (Cont.)

28.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Figure 6.14 | Memory locations after a multiplication operation. 6.4 Memory Concepts (Cont.) ■The values of cartons and items appear exactly as they did before they were used in the calculation of result (Fig. 6.14). ■This illustrates that when a value is read from a memory location, the process is non­destructive.

29.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 ■The arithmetic operators are summarized in Figure 6.15. ■Note the use of various special symbols not used in algebra. 6.5 Arithmetic Figure 6.15 | Arithmetic operators.

30.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 ■Visual Basic has separate operators for integer division (the backslash, \ ) and floating-point division (the forward slash, / ). –Floating-point division divides two numbers and returns a floating-point number. –The operator for integer division treats its operands as integers and returns an integer result. 6.5 Arithmetic (Cont.)

31.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 ■When floating-point numbers (numbers with decimal points) are used with the integer-division operator, the numbers are first rounded as follows: –numbers ending in.5 are rounded to the nearest even integer — for example, 6.5 rounds down to 6 and 7.5 rounds up to 8 –all other floating-point numbers are rounded to the nearest integer — for example, 7.1 rounds down to 7, and 7.7 rounds up to 8. 6.5 Arithmetic (Cont.)

32.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Common Programming Error Attempting to divide by zero is a runtime error (that is, an error that has its effect while the application executes). Dividing by zero terminates an application.

33.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 ■The modulus operator, Mod, yields the remainder after division. –Thus, 7 Mod 4 yields 3, and 17 Mod 5 yields 2. –This operator is used most commonly with Integer operands. –The modulus operator can be used to discover whether one number is a multiple of another. 6.5 Arithmetic (Cont.)

34.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 ■Arithmetic expressions in Visual Basic must be written in straight-line form so that you can type them into a computer. –For example, the division of 7.1 by 4.3 must be written as 7.1 / 4.3. –Also, raising 3 to the second power cannot be written as 3 2 but is written in straight-line form as 3 ^ 2. ■Parentheses are used in Visual Basic expressions to group operations in the same manner as in algebraic expressions. To multiply a times the quantity b + c, you write a * ( b + c ) 6.5 Arithmetic (Cont.)

35.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 ■Visual Basic applies the operators in arithmetic expressions in a precise sequence, determined by the rules of operator precedence. ■Operators of the same type are applied from left to right. 6.5 Arithmetic (Cont.)

36.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 ■Operators in expressions contained within a pair of parentheses are evaluated first. –With nested (or embedded ) parentheses, the operators contained in the innermost pair of parentheses are applied first. ■Exponentiation is applied next. ■Unary positive and negative, + and -, are applied next. Rules of Operator Precedence

37.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 ■Multiplication and floating-point division operations are applied next. ■ Integer division is applied next. ■Modulus operations are applied next. ■Addition and subtraction operations are applied last. Rules of Operator Precedence (Cont.)

38.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 ■Let’s consider several expressions in light of the rules of operator precedence. –The following calculates the average of three numbers: Algebra:m = ( a + b + c ) 3 Visual Basic: m = ( a + b + c ) / 3 –The parentheses are required because floating-point division has higher precedence than addition. –The following is the equation of a straight line: Algebra:y = mx + b Visual Basic: y = m * x + b –No parentheses are required due to operator precedence. 6.5 Arithmetic (Cont.)

39.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 ■To develop a better understanding of the rules of operator precedence, consider how the expression y = ax 2 + bx + c is evaluated: ■The circled numbers under the statement indicate the order in which Visual Basic applies the operators. ■It is acceptable to place redundant parentheses in an expression to make the expression easier to read. y = ( a * ( x ^ 2 ) ) + ( b * x ) + c 6.5 Arithmetic (Cont.)

40.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Good Programming Practice Using redundant parentheses in complex arithmetic expressions can make the expressions easier to read.

41.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 41 ■A breakpoint is a marker that can be set at any executable line of code. ■When application execution reaches a breakpoint, execution pauses, allowing you to peek inside your application and ensure that there are no logic errors. 6.6 Using the Debugger: Breakpoints

42.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 42 ■To insert a breakpoint in the IDE, either click inside the margin indicator bar next to a line of code, or right click that line of code and select Breakpoint > Insert Breakpoint Fig. 6.16). ■The application is said to be in break mode when the debugger pauses the application’s execution. Using the Debugger: Breakpoints Figure 6.16 | Setting two breakpoints. Margin indicator bar Breakpoints

43.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 43 ■After setting breakpoints in the code editor, select Debug > Start Debugging to begin the debugging process (Fig. 6.17, Fig. 6.18). Using the Debugger: Breakpoints (Cont.) Figure 6.17 | Inventory application running. Figure 6.18 | Title bar of the IDE displaying (Debugging). Title bar displays ( Debugging )

44.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 44 ■Application execution suspends at the first breakpoint, and the IDE becomes the active window (Fig. 6.19). The yellow arrow to the left of line 17 indicates that this line contains the next statement to execute. Using the Debugger: Breakpoints (Cont.) Figure 6.19 | Application execution suspended at the first breakpoint. Yellow arrow Breakpoints Next executable statement

45.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 45 ■To resume execution, select Debug > Continue (or press F5). ■Note that when you place your mouse pointer over the variable name result, the value that the variable stores is displayed in a Quick Info box (Fig. 6.20). Using the Debugger: Breakpoints (Cont.) Figure 6.20 | Displaying a variable value by placing the mouse pointer over a variable name. Quick Info box displays variable result’s value

46.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 46 ■Use the Debug > Continue command to complete the application execution. When there are no more breakpoints at which to suspend execution, the application executes to completion (Fig. 6.21). Using the Debugger: Breakpoints (Cont.) Figure 6.21 | Application output.

47.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 47 ■To disable a breakpoint, right click a line of code in which a breakpoint has been set, and select Breakpoint > Disable Breakpoint (Fig. 6.22). Using the Debugger: Breakpoints (Cont.) Figure 6.22 | Disabled breakpoint. Disabled breakpoint

48.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 48 ■To fully remove a breakpoint, right click a line of code in which a breakpoint has been set and select Breakpoint > Delete Breakpoint. ■To remove all breakpoints, select Debug > Delete All Breakpoints from the menu bar. Using the Debugger: Breakpoints (Cont.)