1. Mass Society and Democracy
Chapter 20
Mass Society and Democracy

2. The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
Section 1
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

3. Section 1 Targets
Describe how new sources of energy and consumer products transformed the standard of living for all social classes in many European countries.
Summarize how working-class leaders used Marx’s ideas to form social parties

5. I. The Second Industrial Revolution
Stunning material growth
1st – Textiles, railroads, iron & coal
2nd – Steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum

6. A. New Products 1870 to 1914
Steel for iron (lighter, smaller, & faster) machines & engines,
Electricity (heat, light & motion)

7. A. New Products
Thomas Edison created the light bulb in the United States
Joseph Swan (Britain)
opened homes & cities to electric lights

8. Thomas Edison

9. A. New Products
telephone, Alexander Graham Bell

10. Alexander Graham Bell

11. A. New Products
radio, Guglielmo Marconi

12.
Guglielmo Marconi

13. New Products
internal-combustion engine
Henry Ford, automobile
Assembly line production
Provided a new source of power for transportation
Ocean liners, airplanes, automobiles

14. Henry Ford & the Model T

15. The Automobile
Many new forms of transportation were created in the Industrial Revolution, but none affected more people on a daily basis than the automobile. It was the invention of the internal-combustion engine that made the automobile possible.

16. New Products
Orville & Wilbur Wright made the first flight in a fixed-wing plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

18. B. New Patterns
Wages increased
prices fell
transportation cost reduced
Advanced industrial core vs. agricultural areas
These provide food & raw materials

19. Industrialization and urbanization created the need for markets and raw materials.
20% or more were living in large cities by 1870.
Germany, France, Switzerland, Luxemburg, Belgium, and the Netherlands

20. C. Toward a World Economy
Steamship & railroad created a world economy
Capital invested abroad
Foreign countries provide markets
Europe now had capital, industries & military might

21. II. Organizing the Working Classes
Desire to improve their working and living conditions

22. A. Marx’s Theory 1848, The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
Appalled at the horrible conditions in factories
Oppressors vs. Oppressed have been fighting since the beginning of time

23. Karl Marx

24. “Proletarians of the World, Unit!”
Karl Marx
“Proletarians of the World, Unit!”

25. A. Marx’s Theory
Bourgeoisie- owned the means of production or the oppressors
proletariat –depended on the Bourgeoisie or the oppressed
Dictatorship – government in which a person or group has absolute power

26. A. Marx’s Theory
All of the world history was a “history of class struggles” - the oppressor versus the oppressed. This struggle would end in open revolution & the overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the proletariat. A classless society would emerge, & the state would wither away.

27. B. Socialist Parties
German Social Democratic Party, under the direction of Marxist leaders
Worked to pass laws that would improve conditions for the working class
Party was divided between Pure Marxists who wanted a violent revolution

28. B. Socialist Parties German Social Democratic Party
Revisionists, rejected the revolutionary approach and argued that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with other parties to gain reforms

29. C. Trade Unions
strike, a work stoppage called by members of a union to pressure an employer into meeting their demands
1900, 2 million workers in Britain
By 1914, 4 million

30. Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society

32. I. The New Urban
Lack of jobs & land drove people from rural areas to the cities
Jobs in factories & service trades
Improvements in sanitation, water supply and services made cities more livable

33. II. Social Structure of Mass Society
New elite: Landowning aristocrats joined by wealthy industrialists, bankers and merchants
Middle Class
Upper middle class – lawyers, doctors, civil service, accountants, etc.
Lower middle class – shopkeepers & traders

34. A. The New Elite
Landowning aristocrats joined by wealthy industrialists, bankers and merchants

35. B. The Middle Class Believed in hard work
Concerned with the “right way of doing things”

36. C. The Working Class 80% of the European population
Landholding peasants, farm laborers, sharecroppers
Unskilled laborers – day laborers & domestic

37. C. The Working Class
Improved working conditions, more money, 10 hour workday and the invention of the weekend improved life for urban workers

38. III. The Experiences of Women
19th century, women struggled to change their status

39. A. New Job Opportunities
More jobs opened up for women (secretaries, phone operators, salesclerks)
Low paying white-collar jobs

40. B. Marriage & the Family Birth control=smaller families
More focus on childhood
Girls should stop working when they married
Togetherness/ Family Christmas created

41. C. The Movement for Women’s Rights
Feminism - movement for women’s rights
Began during the Enlightenment
Florence Nightengale (famous British nurse) & Clara Barton (US Civil War Nurse) established nursing profession
“Women in white”

42. IV. Universal Education
State supported schools established
Boys and girls 6-12
Need for skilled workforce
Democracy=need for educated voters
literacy, or the ability to read

43. V. New Forms of Leisure More money, more spare time Amusement parks
Sports Teams & movies
entertained large crowds
distracted them from the realities of their work lives

44. Steeplechase swimming pool at Coney Island, New York, c. 1919

45. The New Team Sports
Sports were by no means a new activity in the late nineteenth century. Soccer games had been played by peasants and workers, and these games had often been bloody and even deadly. However, in the late nineteenth century, sports became strictly organized. The English Football Association (founded in 1863) and the American Bowling Congress (founded in 1895), for example, provide strict rules and officials to enforce them.

46. 87 cents
about 2 ounces
$1.78
The diet consisted of all meat and carbohydrates with no fresh vegetables.

47. Section 3: The National State & Democracy

48. Objectives
Discuss how new political parties and labor unions challenged the governments of western Europe.
Explain how international rivalries led to conflicts in the Balkans and World War I

49. I. Western Europe & Political Democracy
Progress towards constitutions, parliaments and individual liberties
Political democracy
Universal male suffrage
Political parties & larger organizations
People now part of the political process

50. A. Great Britain Two-party parliamentary system
*Liberal Party & Conservative Party
Led by aristocratic landowners
*Reform acts of 1867 & 1884 increased the number of adult males who could vote
Later, by World War I (1917) all males over age 21 and women over age 30 could vote

51. A. Great Britain Liberal party developments 1. trade unions grew
2. New party, Labour Party
Voted on a series of social reforms
Benefits for sickness and unemployment
Small pension for those over 70 and compensation for those injured in accidents while at work

52. B. France Third Republic gained a republican constitution
ministerial responsibility - the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body & not to the executive officer
France fails to develop a strong parliamentary system
A dozen of political parties, frequent changes of government leadership

53. C. Italy
United in 1870, but had little sense of unity because of the difference between the industrialized north and the poverty stricken south
Turmoil between labor and industry
Weak and corrupt government

54. II. Central & Eastern Europe: The Old Order
Germany, Austria- Hungary and Russia pursued policies that were quiet different

55. A. Germany Two-house legislature
*Lower house of the German parliament, the Reichstag
*William II, emperor controlled the armed forces, foreign policy and gov’t bureacracy
*Otto von Bismarck (prime minister) worked to keep Germany from becoming a democracy

56. William II
Otto von Bismarck

57. A. Germany
*Germany had become the strongest military and industrial power in Europe
Demands for democracy
Conservative forces (landowning nobility & big industrialists) tried to block the movement for democracy
Supported a strong foreign policy

58. B. Austria-Hungary
*Francis Joseph, Austrian emperor ignored the parliamentary system
He appointed & dismissed his own ministers and issued decrees, or laws
Troubled by conflicts between the various nationalities
Hungary had a parliament that worked

59. C. Russia *Czar, Nicholas II believed in absolute power
Industrialization began late, but developed rapidly
Socialist parties developed by Karl Marx emerged
Discontent and opposition to the czarist regime grew

60. Nicholas II

61. C. Russia
Workers protesting outside the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg were killed, this “Bloody Sunday” caused workers to call strikes
Nicolas II was forced to grant civil liberties and create a legislative *assembly or Duma
Reforms proved short-lived

63. III. The United States & Canada
Between 1870 and 1914
United States becomes an industrial power
Canada faced problems of national unity

64. A. Aftermath of the Civil War
Old south destroyed, 1/5 of the adult white male population had been killed
Four million slaves freed
*13th amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery
*14, amendment gave citizenship to African Americans
*15th, amendment gave African Americans the right to vote

65. B. Economy Shifted from agrarian to an industrial nation
By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities
Steel and iron (Carnegie Steel Company)
Europeans migration to both North & South America
11 million between 1870 & 1900
By 1900, the world’s richest nation, but 9% of Americans owned 71% of the wealth

66. C. Expansion Abroad Samoan Islands, Hawaii
Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani was deposed by American military forces
Annexed Hawaii in 1898
Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines were taken for Spain after the Spanish-American War

67. Queen Liliuokalani

68. D. Canada
Unity was difficult to achieve because of distrust between the English-speaking and French-speaking peoples of Canada
Wilfred Laurier, became the first French-Canadian prime minister in 1896
He was able to reconcile these two major groups

69. IV. International Rivalries
Fearing France, Otto von Bismarck, helped make the *Triple Alliance of 1882 (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy)
William II fires Bismarck and begins to make changes. He dropped his treaty with Russia
This brought Russia and France together
*1907, Great Britain, France and Russia form the Triple Entente

70. Triple Alliance of 1882

72. V. Crises in the Balkans
Once controlled by the Ottoman Empire, these provinces gradually gained their freedom
1878, Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro became independent states
Tensions grew between Austria-Hungary and Russia to control his area

73. Balkans

74. V. Crises in the Balkans
1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
This outraged Serbia
Russia supported Serbia in its move for independence
Germany demanded that the Russians accept Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina or face war with Germany

75. V. Crises in the Balkans
Weakened by the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Russia backed down

76. around 1920
after 1900
between 1900 and 1920

77. Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness

78. Section 4 Targets
Describe how innovative artistic movements during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s rejected traditional styles
Explain how extreme nationalism and racism led to an increase in anti-Semitism
Summarize how developments in science changed how people saw themselves and their world

80. I. A New Physics
Science offered a certainty of belief in the orderliness of nature
Isaac Newton’s views of the universe (a giant machine) will be replace with (time, space & matter)

81. I. A New Physics
*Marie Curie, French scientist that discovered the element radium which gave off energy, or radiation
Albert Einstein, German-born scientist, published his special theory of relativity

83. Marie Curie

84. Albert Einstein

85. I. A New Physics
Einstein’s theory stated that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer
Matter and energy reflect the relativity of time and space
Ideas lead to the “Atomic Age”

86. II. Freud & Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud, doctor from Vienna
Proposed a series of theories that raised questions about the nature of the human mind
1900, The Interpretation of Dreams
*Human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences and internal forces of which people were largely unaware

87.
Sigmund Freud

88. II. Freud & Psychoanalysis
Repression of such experiences began in childhood, so he devised a method known as - *psychoanalysis
unconscious & repression

89. Psychoanalysis

90. II. Social Darwinism & Racism
Herbert Spencer
Social progress came from “the struggle for survival” as the “fit” – the strong – advanced while the weak declined “Social Darwinism”

91. III. Anti-Semitism & Zionism
*Anti-Semitism - hostility toward & discrimination against Jews
*Pogroms – organized massacres
Zionism – a movement for Jews to return to Palestine (the ancient land of Israel)

93. IV. The Culture of Modernity
Artist and writers rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles, these changes produced modernism

94. B. Painting
1870 to 1914
*Impressionism, artists began to reject the studios and went out into the countryside to paint nature directly

95. B. Painting
Claude Monet, impressionist who painted pictures in which he sought to capture the interplay of light, water & sky

96. Waterlilies

97. Waterlily Pond

98. Painting
Postimpressionism
Vincent van Gogh
Interested in color and believed it could act as its own form of language
Paint what you feel

99. Starry Night

100. Sunflowers

101. Painting 1888 first Kodak camera (George Eastman) Modern Art
Pablo Picasso
Cubism, used geometric designs to recreate reality in the viewer’s mind

102. still-life-on-a-pedestal-table

103. Woman with a Flower

104. C. Architecture
Functionalism, building like the products of machines, should be functional, or useful
Louis H. Sullivan, buildings virtually free of external ornamentation
Frank Lloyd Wright, geometric structures with long lines and overhanging roofs.

105. Frank Lloyd Wright

106. D. Music
Igor Stravinsky
The Rite of Spring

107. He believed it could act as its own language.
Postimpressionism
They should paint what they feel.

108. Chapter Summary