1. Motivation “Hope is a good thing - maybe the best thing. And good things never die.” Andy Duphrene The Shawshank Redemption

2. Motivation An inner state (either a need or desire) that energizes & directs us and keeps us moving toward our goals –Why we do what we do

3. Instinct Theory Instincts –Inherited tendencies to produce organized and unalterable responses to particular stimuli –Examples Freud: instincts toward sex/aggression (i.e. the id) Evolutionary theory: we are ‘hard-wired’ to reproduce and perpetuate genetic makeup –2 flaws Circular logic Many so-called instinctual behaviors are learned, shaped, and influenced by those around us

4. Drive-Reduction Theory Drive –A motivation that pushes you to reach a goal –Tension induced by need Food, water, sex Goal is to reduce the tension and restore homeostasis –Homeostasis: A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state Flaw –Drive-reduction theory can’t explain behavior that increases, rather than reduces, stress

5. Additional Theories Arousal Theory –People are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimum level of bodily arousal –Studies show that too little arousal and we get bored; too much arousal and we withdraw, in an effort to lower our levels of arousal Incentive Theory –People are motivated to behave in ways that produce a valued incentive –Incentives work when we expect that we can gain the incentive and when we value the incentive

6. What DO motivation theorists agree on? The amazing diversity of human behavior! Biological Hunger Thirst Sex Temperature Excretion Sleep/Activity Aggression Social Achievement Affiliation Autonomy Nurturance Dominance Exhibition Order Play

7. More Theories on Motivation Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Physiological Safety & Security Belongingness & Love Esteem Cognitive & Aesthetic needs Self-actualization

8. A closer look... at hunger Influenced by –Blood sugar level Glucose - a simple sugar –Dips in glucose levels lead to increases in hunger –Brain The lateral hypothalamus ‘starts’ the feeling of hunger, the ventromedial hypothalamus ‘stops’ feelings of hunger –Hormones Insulin - must be present to extract glucose from blood –Insulin stimulates the storage of food molecules as fat –Set point – the particular body weight that is easiest for an animal to maintain Are relatively constant but can go up with prolonged over-eating (but does not tend to go down with prolonged under-eating)

9. A Closer Look... at hunger If it were only that simple… –Environmental factors which influence hunger/eating Learned preferences & habits STRESS!! External cues –It’s “dinnertime” Dietary restraints Problems with eating can result in all sorts of problems...

10. Problems with eating Obesity –More than 20% above norm for height/build You can’t lose fat cells, only shrink them –Basal metabolic rate Rate at which body burns calories just to stay alive Aerobic activity will increase basal metabolic rate Anorexia –Eating disorder marked by self-starvation Bulimia –Eating disorder marked by binging & purging BOTH caused by combo of brain & social malfunctioning

11. Affiliation Motive Need to associate with others & maintain social bonds –Baumeister & Leary’s Sociometer hypothesis Self-esteem is a measure of how well we fit in with the group Important because social bonds offer survival & reproductive benefits

12. Achievement Motive Need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, & meet high standards –Behavior depends on: Incentive value Expectancy