1. Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, and the establishment of new nation-states around the world.

2. Enlightenment thought and the resistance of colonized peoples to imperial centers shaped this revolutionary activity.
These rebellions sometimes resulted in the formation of new states and stimulated the development of new ideologies.
These new ideas in turn further stimulated the revolutionary and antiimperial tendencies of this period.

3. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments

4. The Enlightenment
Applied reason to the human world, as well as to the rest of the natural world
Stimulated religious tolerance
Fueled democratic revolutions around the world

5. Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas
Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan: Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection.
John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government: People are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

6. Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws: The best form of government includes a separation of powers.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract: Government is a contract between rulers and the people.
Voltaire: Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state.

7. Thinkers (Voltaire, Rousseau) applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life.
Intellectuals critiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation.

8. Enlightenment thinkers (Locke, Montesquieu) developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract
The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing political authority, as reflected in revolutionary documents

9. Influence of the Enlightenment
Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.
Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas.
The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas

10. Revolutionary Documents
The American Declaration of Independence
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter

11. Impact of Enlightenment Ideas
These ideas influenced many people to challenge existing notions of social relations.
Led to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery and the end of serfdom, as their ideas were implemented.

12. Representative composers, artists, philosophers, and writers
Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Classical composer
Voltaire: Philosopher
Miguel de Cervantes: Novelist
Eugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to the Romantic School of the nineteenth century)

13. New schools of art and forms of literature
Painting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people
portraits
New forms of literature evolved, such as the novel
Cervantes’ Don Quixote

14. Technologies
All-weather roads improved year- round transport and trade.
New designs in farm tools increased productivity
agricultural revolution
Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.

15. Nationalism
Beginning in the eighteenth century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs and territory.
These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations.

16. Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movements

17. Revolutions Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments
challenge of the Marathas to the Mughal Sultans
American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent states in the United States, Haiti, and mainland Latin America.
French subjects rebelled against their monarchy. Required examples of rebellions

18. Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas
establishment of Maroon societies
Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements
Indian Revolt of 1857
Boxer Rebellion
Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism
Taiping Rebellion
The Ghost Dance
The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

19. Responses
Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies
Tanzimat Reforms
Self Strengthening Movement

20. The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities.

21. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies
Liberalism
Socialism
Communism
Conservatism

22. The Women
Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies
Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Olympia de Gouges's Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen
The Resolution passed at the Seneca Falls convention in 1848