1. Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 6
Motivation and Emotion

2. Motivation What motivates you?
Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure?
What are you motivated for?
College, buying nice things, etc?
Research on motivation and emotion is concerned with WHY we do the things we do.

3. Biology of Motivation Important idea – CHEMICAL BALANCE
When your body temp drops and you’re cold, you put on a sweatshirt.
When your body temp rises and you’re hot, you turn on the AC or open a window.
Homeostasis – tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

4. Biology of Motivation - Hunger
What motivates you to seek food?
Sight? Smell? Pictures? Commercials?
If you haven’t eaten in awhile, your body will start to demand food.
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) – provides the “go” signal to your body; it tells you to eat

5. Biology of Motivation - Hunger
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) – provides the “stop” signal: it tells you when you’ve had enough food

6. Biology of Motivation - Hunger

7. Drive-Reduction Theory
DR Theory – Clark Hull, physiological needs drive an organism to act in either random or habitual ways until its needs are satisfied
More simply, biological needs (food, water, sex, shelter) DRIVE an organism to act
Random behavior reduces drive  that behavior becomes habitual (or conditioned)
Clark believed all human motives (seeking affection, striving for excellence, etc.) are extensions of basic biological needs

8. Harry Harlow’s Monkeys
Harlow wanted to test Hull’s DR Theory
Surrogate Mother Experiment
Two surrogate mothers – Wire w/ food, Cloth w/o food
Monkeys preferred to stick w/ the cloth mother, preferably when frightening objects were placed in the cage

9. Harry Harlow’s Monkeys
Some experiences are inherently pleasurable (hugging something soft)
Humans/animals derive pleasure from stimulation/arousal.
Going to haunted houses, dogs being petted
In conclusion, a drive for stimulation looked as plausible as a drive to reduce stimulation

10. Social Motives David McClelland – Thematic Apperception Test
Fig. 6.6 on page 140
J.W. Atkinson – Expectancy-Value Theory
Expectancy – estimated likelihood of success
Value – what the goal is worth to you

11. Social Motives
Intrinsic motivation – knowledge you gain and fun you have is reward enough for your effort
Ex: reading a book solely for fun
Extrinsic motivation – reward(s) that are external
Ex: getting paid to read books

12. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow believed that all human beings need to feel competent, to win approval and recognition, and to sense that they have achieved something.
Believed there were needs that all people share.
Write down a list of 10 concerns/needs/aspirations in your notes.

13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

14. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Bottom of the pyramid – fundamental needs
Fundamental needs – these need to be satisfied in order to live
Ex: Physiological needs – hunger, thirst, etc.
Ex: Physical needs – safety, security, shelter, etc.

15. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2nd level of the pyramid – psychological needs
Psychological needs – the need to belong, to give and receive love, and the need to acquire esteem through competence and achievement
Ex: Esteem needs: to achieve, be competent/smart, gain approval and recognition
Ex: Love needs: to affiliate with others, be social, be accepted, receive love and affection

16. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Top of the pyramid – self-actualization needs
Self-actualization – pursuit of knowledge, whatever is required for the realization of one’s unique potential
Relatively few people reach this level

17. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow believed that needs have to be satisfied in order. For example, we start at the bottom of the pyramid and work our way up.
More recent research suggests that any one need may dominate at a specific time, and there is no guarantee that there has to be any sort of order.

18. Emotions How are motivation/emotion related?
When we want to express the needs/desires associated with goal-directed behavior, we use the word “motivation”.
When we want to stress the feelings associated with these decisions/activities, we use the word “emotion”.

19. Emotions

20. Emotions

21. Emotions

22. Emotions

23. Emotions
Charles Darwin (The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872) – argued that all people express certain basic feelings in the same way
These facial expressions are innate – part of our biological inheritance

24. James-Lange Theory First widely influential theory of emotion in 1884
Witnessing an external stimulus causes a physiological reaction
Your physiological reaction then causes an emotion
Ex: Grizzly Bear Sighting – I am trembling, therefore I am afraid.
Emotion is a result of reaction to stimulus

26. Canon-Bard Theory
C-B Theory (1920) – Directly challenged the J-L theory
Witnessing an external stimulus causes an emotion, and then this emotion causes a physiological reaction
Ex: Grizzly Bear Sighting – I am afraid, therefore I am trembling.
Sparked controversy due to the suggestion that there is no mechanism for emotion

27. Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory Of Emotion
Like the J-L Theory, Schachter and Singer believed that arousal played a large role in emotion.
However, they said that this physical arousal was the same for a lot of emotions, therefore, this physical arousal alone couldn’t be responsible for emotional responses.
Emotion is a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal.
Perception and arousal interact to create emotions.

28. Schachter-Singer
Situation: Imagine you are alone in a dark parking lot walking toward your car. A strange person suddenly appears and starts rapidly approaching you.
1. I see a strange man walking toward me. (stimulus)
2. My heart is racing and I am trembling. (physical arousal)
3. My rapid heart rate and trembling are caused by fear. (cognitive label (perception) – associating physical reaction to fear)
4. I am frightened/scared. (conscious experience of the emotion)

29. Add these three theories, along w/ Schachter-Singer’s Experiment and the Opponent-Process Theory (in your book) to your Graphic Organizer.