1. Motivation MGT 3310

2. Definition Motivation research belongs to the area of Organizational Behavior (OB) The set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain human behavior toward attaining some goal. (Baron & Greenberg, 2008) To be motivated means to be moved to do something. (Deci & Ryan, 1999).

3. Purpose (1) Why do we initiate effort on a task? (2) How much effort do we choose to expend? (3) Why do we persist in working at the task over time?

4. Basic Types Intrinsic motivation means “doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable”. Extrinsic motivation means “doing something because it leads to a separable outcome”. (Deci & Ryan, 1985).

5. Achievement Motivation Theory All motives are learned. Those motives arranged in a hierarchy of potential for influencing behavior. The hierarchies are different among individuals. Individuals learn to associate positive and negative feelings with certain things happened around them. Need for Achievement Need for Power Need for Affiliation

6. Equity Theory Equity theory explained motivation process by input and outcome balance of an individual. In other words, in equity theory, people are not motivated by needs. The major motivating force is a striving for the equity of one’s effort and reward.

7. Equity Affected by Reference Source

8. Expectancy Theories If a worker sees high productivity as a path leading to the attainment of one or more of his personal goals, he will tend to be a high producer. Conversely, if he sees low productivity as a path to the achievement of his goals, he will tend to be a low producer. Freedom to act moderates this relationship between motivation and performance

9. Expectancy Theories

10. Goal-Setting Theory In Goal-Setting Theory, motivations do not play the key role, but individual’s goal does. Individual’s goal is the most direct determinant of his/her action. All kinds of external incentives impact an individual’s action through his/her goal. For example: ◦ Existent: Student get a score: B  Cognition: B evaluated as too low relative to A value Standard  Emotion: dissatisfaction  Goal: improve on next examination to get A  Action: work hard for examination preparation.

11. Goal-Setting Theory Specific goals Challenging goals Goal commitment Feedback

12. Motivation Exchange Theory Proposed by Yundong Huang Individuals are willing to exchange types of motivation in order to increase their overall motivation level. There exists a rate in individual’s mind which helps them valuate types of motivation, and this rate varies among individuals. Motivation Exchange Rate (MER) measures to what extent are individuals willing to trade one type of motivation for another.