1. Carbon Chemistry Chapter 8

2. I. Organic Compounds
Organic compounds = are compounds that contain Carbon.
(Some exceptions)
Organic means living things.
Many Organic compounds have similar properties such as boiling and melting point as well as odor and solubility.
examples: sugar, starch, fuels, synthetic materials like plastic

3. Some Examples of Organic Compounds
examples: sugar, starch, fuels, synthetic materials like plastic

4. I. Organic Compounds
B. The backbone of organic compounds is carbon because it has 4 valence electrons and each atom can form 4 separate bonds

5. 1) Straight Chain 2) Branched chain 3) Ring I. Organic Compounds
C. Carbon compounds can form in 3 different
Arrangements
1) Straight Chain
2) Branched chain
3) Ring

7. Formulas for Carbon Compounds
1) Chemical formulas a shorthand way to write the name of the compound
2) Structural formulas shows the number and arrangement of atoms.

8. Example: Acetone
Chemical Formula: C3H6O
Structural formula:

9. I. Organic Compounds
Isomers are carbon compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.
There can be so many different isomers of carbon because carbon can form single, double and triple bonds.

10. Examples of Isomers
Butane: C4H10

11. Chains of Molecules
Monomer is one molecule that makes up the links in a polymer chain.
Polymers are very large molecules made up of many smaller molecules bonded together.

12. I. Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are formed mostly from the elements carbon, and hydrogen
but can also include elements like oxygen, nitrogen , phosphorus, sulfur, and others
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds formed from only hydrogen and carbon

13. Chemical Compounds in Cells and in Our Food

14. Carbohydrates 1 gram carbohydrates provides 4 Calories of energy
Provide raw materials to make cell parts
Two groups:
Simple carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates

15. Carbohydrates Energy rich C, H, and O
Simple sugars - glucose, fructose, maltose
Complex carbohydrates – made up of many simple sugars attached to each other
Starch- storage of glucose in plants
Cellulose – make up plant cell walls
Found in cell membranes, other cell parts, and store energy

16. Simple Carbohydrates = Sugars
Found in fruits, vegetables, milk
Glucose (C6H12O6) – major source of energy for your cells.
Another simple sugar = fructose in fruits

17. Complex Carbohydrates
Made of many simple sugars connected
Starch – found in potatoes, wheat, rice, corn
Fiber (Cellulose) – found in plants, but cannot be digested and passes through your digestive system - helps keep things moving along. (fiber)

18. Carbohydrates

20. Proteins Contain C, H, O, N and sometimes Sulfur Found in many foods
Body uses proteins to build and repair body parts

21. Proteins in the diet For tissue growth and repair
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Can be used for energy, but not usually
About 12% of your daily Calorie intake should be protein

22. Structure of Proteins Made of amino acids
There are 20 different amino acids in living things
These aa’s link together to form a large molecule of aa’s in one protein.
Change one aa, changes whole protein

23. Enzymes Special kinds of proteins
Chemicals that speed up chemical reactions in the body without being used up themselves.
Here the enzyme helps break a large molecule into 2 smaller ones. Some enzymes join two small molecules to make one larger one.

24. Film on proteins

25. Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)
Contain more than 2x
the energy of carbohydrates
Store energy
Parts of cells
Protect internal organs
Insulate the body

26. Lipids Fats, oils, waxes Store energy Made of C, H, and O
Contain more energy
than carbs

27. Types of Fats Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats
Liquid at room temperature
Oils
Considered good for you
Saturated Fats
Solid at room temperature
From animals; a few plants –
coconut palm
Bad for you

28. Film on Lipids (fats)

30. Nucleic Acids DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid
Made of C, H, O, N, and Phosphorus
Contain instructions for cells to carry
out all their functions.
Monomer is the 4 different nucleotides
DNA is a spiral shape
RNA is single strand with one different
nucleotide and different sugar.

31. Film on Nucleic Acids

32. Water Essential for all life. Most chemical reactions occur in water.
Helps in building up molecules and breaking them down at the functional groups.

33. Water People die within days of not having water
Makes up most of the body’s fluids
Makes up about 65% of your body weight
The body’s most important functions take place in water.
Nutrients are dissolved in water in blood and transported around the body
Need about 2 liters of water per day
Need more if weather is hot or you are exercising

34. Vitamins (Organic)
Act as helper molecules for a variety of chemical reactions in the body.
The body makes some – K is made by bacteria in intestine
The rest come from foods – eating a wide variety of foods provides all the vitamins needed.

35. Types of Vitamins Water soluble Vitamins Fat soluble Vitamins
Dissolve in fatty tissue and are stored there.
Includes vitamins A, D, E and K
Water soluble Vitamins
Dissolve in water and not stored in body
Needed in diet every day.
Includes vitamins B and C

36. Salts Ionic compounds found in your body as dissolved ions.
NaCl dissolved in you blood helps in contraction of muscles and transmission of messages through your nerves.
Other types of salts help grow healthy bones and teeth.

37. THE END