1. Organic molecules
Molecules that are made by living things that contain carbon
Organic molecules consist of a hydrocarbon back bone
Carbon can bond with four other atoms (covalently)
Carbon is the foundation of all organic molecules/versatile
Most common atoms found in organic molecules:
Atoms Number of Bonds C H O N P S

2. Organic compounds contain a hydrocarbon backbone (contain a carbon chain with hydrogen bonded to it)

3. Functional groups
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms located on a hydrocarbon
Chemical bonding/reactions take place at the functional groups

4. Macromolecules Large organic molecules found in ALL living things
There are four major types of organic molecules:
1)Carbohydrates
2)Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

5. Each category of organic molecules (macromolecules) consists of its own monomers and polymers
Monomers vs. Polymers
Monomers
Polymers
Each macromolecule has singular molecule unit
Monomers bonded together

6. Dehydration synthesis
Monomers to polymers through the loss of water

7. Hydrolysis
Polymers to monomers through the addition of water

8. Function: Carbohydrates Major source of energy - fuel for body
Provides structure in plant cell walls

9. Where are they found? In plant foods (cell walls of plants) - fruits
vegetables
SUGAR (candy)
FLOUR (pasta and bread)

10. COOKIES and CANDY
CAKES
FRUITS
Simple Sugars

11. Complex Carbohydrates
WHOLE GRAINS
FIBER
STARCHES
BREADS
PASTAS
VEGETABLES

12. Structure
Elements: C, H, O

13. Structure Monomer: monosaccharide
-mono means 1 and saccharide means sweet
-simple sugars - one sugar molecule
Ex: glucose

14. Structure
Disaccharide: two simple sugars joined through dehydration synthesis reaction
Example: table sugar
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Example: Lactose found in dairy
Lactose = glucose + galactose

15. Structure Polymer - polysaccharide
- three or more monosaccharides linked together
glycogen (animal stored energy in liver)
Starch (plant stored energy)
cellulose (plant cell walls)
Chitin (exoskeleton of insects)

17. Cellulose structure wood is mostly cellulose plant cell with cell wall
close-up of cell wall
Hydrogen bonds cross-linking cellulose molecules
CH2OH H OH
CH2OH H OH O O H H H H O OH H H H O OH H O OH H H O OH H H O H H H H
individual cellulose molecules
bundle of cellulose molecules
cellulose fiber O O H OH
CH2OH H OH
CH2OH
Fig. 2-15

18. Watch video on carbohydrates!

19. Lipids Function: Stores energy for later use
Insulate body to keep you warm
Build cell membrane structure
Wax - protective coating
Steroid - hormones/cholesterol

20. Where they are found: Foods: butter, oils, salad dressing,
In plants- in the seeds
In animals- in connective tissue
In cells - cell membrane

21. LIPIPS…Some interesting info
Waterproofing...
Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.
The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.
Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.
Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

22. Lipids
Elements: CHO

23. Monomers of lipids
Fatty Acids
Glycerol

24. Polymers of Lipids Triglycerides
Energy storage molecule
Two types:
1. saturated-
- typically animal fat
-no double bond in fat chain
-solid at room temp
2. unsaturated-
-typically plant oil
-double bond in fat chain
-liquid at room temp

25. Polymers of Lipids Phospholipids
Have a polar and nonpolar end

26. Phospholipid Bilayer-make cell membranes

27. Proteins Intro video on proteins

28. Proteins Functions: Builds strong muscles
Collagen builds strong bones and connective tissue
Keratin builds strong skin, hair, and nails
Antibodies fight disease
Transport oxygen in blood in hemoglobin
ENZYMES reduce the time needed for reaction to start

29. Some proteins are structural and provide support in hair, horns, spider webs, etc.
Fig. 2-21

30. Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones
Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this….

31. Well, maybe not exactly…

32. They are found in:
Animal products: meat, fish, dairy, eggs

33. Proteins
Elements: CHONS

34. Monomers of Proteins Amino Acids

35. Types of amino acids
There a twenty different types of amino acids found in proteins
10 are essential-need through diet
10 are non-essential-human body makes
The R group determines the type of amino acid

36. Polymer of Protein Polypeptide
Long chain of amino acids bonded together

37. Protein composed of one or more polypeptides bonded together
chains are often bent and folded upon themselves (due to hydrogen bonding)

38. Shape of proteins dictates function
Each protein has a unique shape that determines its function
Determined by DNA

39. Protein
Each protein has a UNIQUE shape!

40. Temperature and pH can change the protein shape!
Denatured - destroys protein shape so it doesn’t work anymore

41. Enzymes - Lock and Key Model
Enzyme how they work

42. Enzymes - Lock and Key Model

43. Enzymes speed up reaction
reduce activation energy (energy to start reaction)
React only with specific substrate that matches its shape
Can be reused over and over
Enzymes in our body work BEST at our body temp and blood pH

45. Nucleic acids Function: Store and transmit genetic information
Tells cells when and what proteins to make

46. Nucleic Acids
Elements: CHONP

47. Monomer of Nucleic Acid Nucleotide
All nucleotides have three parts.
A five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
A phosphate group
A nitrogen-containing molecule called a base

48. Polymer - DNA

49. “DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Now you know why they just call it DNA!

50. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Double strand of nucleotides
Contains the genetic code of cell
Found in nucleus
Bases:
Adenine (A) <==> Thymine (T) (apple tree)
Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)

51. RNA - Ribonucleic Acid Single strand synthesis of proteins
Found in nucleus and cytoplasm
Bases:
Adenine (A) <==> Uracil (U)
Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)