1. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 37 The Animal Body: Introduction to Structure and Function

2. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Tissue consists of a group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out specific functions Tissues associate to form organs, such as the heart Groups of tissues and organs form organ systems

3. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Main types of animal tissue Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Classification depends on structure and origin

4. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Epithelial tissue forms a continuous layer or sheet covering a body surface or lining a body cavity Protection Absorption Secretion Sensation

5. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Connective tissue consists of fewer cells separated by intercellular substance, fibers in a matrix Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers

6. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Connective tissue contains specialized cells Fibroblasts Macrophages Functions of connective tissue Joins other tissues Supports the body and its organs Protects underlying organs

7. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Muscle tissue consists of cells specialized to contract Each cell is an elongated muscle fiber containing contractile units called myofibrils

8. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Nervous tissue Elongated cells called neurons –Specialized for transmitting impulses Glial cells –Support and nourish neurons

9. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Types of epithelial cell shapes Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Type of epithelial tissue Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

10. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Simple squamous epithelium Lines blood vessels and air sacs in the lungs Exchange of materials by diffusion

11. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Simple squamous epithelium

12. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium Lines passageways Specialized for secretion and absorption

13. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Simple cuboidal epithelium

14. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Simple columnar epithelium

15. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Stratified squamous epithelium Outer layer of skin Lines passageways into the body Provides protection Pseudostratified epithelium Lines passageways Protects underlying tissue

16. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Stratified squamous epithelium

17. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Pseudostratified epithelium

18. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Glands are formed from epithelial tissue Goblet cells –Unicellular glands that secret mucus –Exocrine glands secrete onto an epithelial surface Endocrine glands –Release hormones into interstitial fluid or blood

19. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Glands

20. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Epithelial membrane Sheet of epithelial tissue and a Layer of underlying connective tissue Mucous membrane Lines a cavity that opens to the outside of the body Serous membrane Lines a cavity that does not open to the outside of the body

21. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Types of connective tissue Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Elastic connective tissue Adipose tissue Cartilage Bone Blood

22. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Loose connective tissue In the subcutaneous tissue Between many body parts Fibers in a semifluid matrix Cartilage cells (chondroctyes) In lacunae, small cavities in the cartilage matrix

23. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Loose connective tissue

24. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Cartilage

25. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Osteocytes Secrete and maintain the matrix of bone Compact bone consists of spindle-shaped units called osteons –Central blood vessel through a Haversian canal surrounded by lamellae

26. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Bone

27. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Skeletal muscle Striated Under voluntary control Each elongated, cylindrical muscle fiber has several nuclei

28. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Cardiac muscle Striated Contraction is involuntary Elongated, cylindrical fibers branch and fuse Each fiber has one or two nuclei

29. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Smooth muscle Contracts involuntarily Elongated, spindle-shaped fibers lack striation Each fiber has a central nucleus Responsible for movement of food through the digestive tract

30. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Muscle tissues

31. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Elongated neurons receive and transmit information Dendrites receive signals and transmit them to the cell body Axon transmits signal to other neurons, a muscle, or a gland Synapse is a junction between neurons

32. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Nervous tissue

33. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Organ systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory

34. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Organ systems Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

35. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Homeostasis Automatic tendency to maintain a balanced internal environment Dynamic equilibrium maintained by negative feedback systems Regulators respond to counteract changes caused by stressors

36. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Homeostasis

37. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Thermoregulation Homeostatic mechanisms for regulating body temperature Physiological Structural Behavioral

38. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Ectotherms Body temperature varies with the environment Very little energy used Less food needed Activity may be limited by daily and seasonal temperatures

39. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Endotherms Mechanisms to maintain body temperature in a narrow range Increased enzyme activity Activity even in low winter temperatures High energy cost

40. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Acclimatization Process of adjustment to seasonal changes Torpor –Adaptive hypothermia Hibernation –Long-term torpor in winter cold Estivation –Torpor caused by lack of food or water in summer heat