1. Organization of Muscle Tissue An aponeurosis is essentially a thick fascia that connects two muscle bellies. This epicranial aponeurosis connects the muscle bellies of the occipitalis and the frontalis to form “one” muscle: The occipitofrontalis Epicranial aponeurosis Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis m.

2. Veins, arteries, and nerves are located in the deep fascia between muscles of the thigh. Organization of Muscle Tissue

3. Beneath the connective tissue endomysium is found the plasma membrane (called the sarcolemma) of an individual skeletal muscle fiber The cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) of skeletal muscle fibers is chocked full of contractile proteins arranged in myofibrils The Skeletal Muscle Fiber

4. You should learn the names of the internal structures of the muscle fiber Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Myofibril T-tubules Triad (with terminal cisterns Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcomere The Skeletal Muscle Fiber

5. Increasing the level of magnification, the myofibrils are seen to be composed of filaments Thick filaments Thing filaments

6. A scanning electron micrograph of a sarcomere The basic functional unit of skeletal muscle fibers is the sarcomere: An arrangement of thick and thin filaments sandwiched between two Z discs The Skeletal Muscle Fiber

7. The “Z line” is really a Z disc when considered in 3 dimensions. A sarcomere extends from Z disc to Z disc. Muscle contraction occurs in the sarcomeres The Skeletal Muscle Fiber

8. Myofibrils are built from three groups of proteins Contractile proteins generate force during contraction Regulatory proteins help switch the contraction process on and off Structural proteins keep the thick and thin filaments in proper alignment and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix Muscle Proteins

9. The thin filaments are comprised mostly of the structural protein actin, and the thick filaments are comprised mostly of the structural protein myosin However, in both types of filaments, there are also other structural and regulatory proteins Muscle Proteins

10. In the thin filaments actin proteins are strung together like a bead of pearls In the thick filaments myosin proteins look like golf clubs bound together Muscle Proteins

11. In this first graphic, the myosin binding sites on the actin proteins are readily visible. The regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin have been added to the bottom graphic: The myosin binding sites have been covered Muscle Proteins

12. In this graphic the troponin-tropomyosin complex has slid down into the “gutters” of the actin molecule unblocking the myosin binding site The troponin-tropomyosin complex can slide back and forth depending on the presence of Ca 2+ Myosin binding site exposed Muscle Proteins

13. Ca 2+ binds to troponin which changes the shape of the troponin-tropomyosin complex and uncovers the myosin binding sites on actin Muscle Proteins

14. Besides contractile and regulatory proteins, muscle contains about a dozen structural proteins which contribute to the alignment, stability, elasticity, and extensibility of myofibrils Titan is the third most plentiful protein in muscle, after actin and myosin - it extends from the Z disc and accounts for much of the elasticity of myofibrils Dystrophin is discussed later as it relates to the disease of muscular dystrophy Muscle Proteins

15. With exposure of the myosin binding sites on actin (the thin filaments)—in the presence of Ca 2+ and ATP—the thick and thin filaments “slide” on one another and the sarcomere is shortened The Sliding-Filament Mechanism