2. SECTION 1 Marching Toward War

3. The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations  Pride or deep devotion to one’s nation  Competition for materials and markets  Territorial Disputes  Alsace-Lorraine- Franco-Prussian War (1870) Nationalism in the Balkans leads many groups to demand independence  Austria-Hungary vs. Russia

4. Imperialism and Militarism Competition for colonies stirs mistrust among European nations Mutual animosity spurs European countries to engage in arms race Militarism—policy of glorifying military power, preparing army  Mobilization- ability to quickly mobilize and organize troops in case of war

5. Tangled Alliances Bismarck Forges Early Pacts Germany’s Otto von Bismarck works to keep peace in Europe after 1871  “Satisfied Power” Believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco- Prussian War Seeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties and alliances:  Dual Alliance- b/w Germany and Austria-Hungary  1881 signs treaty with Russia  forms Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy—in 1882

6. Tangled Alliances Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler in 1888 Foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with dismissal of Bismarck  alliance with Russia dropped; Russia then allies with France  effort to strengthen German navy, which alarms Britain Britain, France, Russia form Triple Entente alliance in 1907

7. Crisis in the Balkans A Restless Region- “Powder Keg” Many groups in Balkans win independence during early 1900s from the Ottoman Empire  Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia New nation of Serbia made up largely of Slavs Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908) Serbia outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands Russia made up of a mostly Slavic population

8. The Spark: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Serbian rebel, Gavrilo Princip, kills Austro- Hungarian royal official and his wife Sophie on June 28 th 1914  Member of the Black Hand- wanted to rid Austrian Rule Austria declares war on Serbia July 28th; Russia comes to aid of Serbia and mobilizes its troops Video of Causes

9. SECTION 2 Europe Plunges into War

10. Armies on the March Russia moves troops to its borders with Austria and Germany  Germany declares war on Russia (August 1 st ), quickly attacks France on August 3 rd Great Britain declares war on Germany

11. The Teams Allied Powers BBelgium SSerbia EEngland (G.B.) RRussia FFrance LLater Japan, Italy and U.S BSERF Central Powers  Bulgaria  Ottoman Empire  Germany  Austria-Hungary BOGA

13. The Coaches Czar Nicholas II, Russia, George Clemenceau, FR David Lloyd George, GB Woodrow Wilson, US Allied Powers Central Powers Franz Joseph, A-H Wilhelm II, Germany

14. Playing Field

15. Western Front  Mostly in northern France, along German/French Border  Trench Warfare  Stalemate – deadlock, where neither side gains an advantage  War of Attrition – no quick victory; each side tries to wear the other side down Eastern Front  Mostly in Russia, along the German/Russian border  More mobile  Battle lines changed often (fluid)

16. German Plans to Attack France

18. 1 st Play: Schieffen Plan Schlieffen Plan – war plan for Germany, created by Alfred von Schlieffen Plan to avoid a two front war Attack France through neutral Belgium Defeat French in 6 weeks before Russia can mobilize Turn and fight Russia who didn’t have effective Railroads Problems: Heavily fortified areas in Belgium Strong resistance from France Russia mobilized quicker than anticipated Britain attacked from the north

19. 1 st Game: 1 st Battle of the Marne German’s advance into France; September 5 th Pushed back by French at Marne  600 Taxi cabs brought soldiers to the frontlines Stalemate and Trench Warfare begin Ends Schlieffen Plan Germany has to fight a two front war!

20. Trench Warfare Conflict descends into trench warfare—armies fighting from trenches Battles result in many deaths, small land gains  “No man’s land” Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary  Rats  Cramped up  Flooded trenches  Diseases  Decaying flesh  Trench Foot

21. Diagram of the Trenches

22. Trench System

23. French soldiers firing over their own dead In the trenches Do you think we have enough food and supplies to outlast them? These lines haven't moved for a year! Do you think we have enough food and supplies to outlast them? These lines haven't moved for a year! No-Mans land

24. New Technology Tanks: Not a favorite. Broke down a lot.  Battle of Somme Machine guns: Rapid fire. Killed more soldiers  Difficult to make advances Submarine: used torpedoes to take down ships  Germans Poison Gas: Killed or left permanent scars.  Blindness or blisters Airplanes: used for observation then later for fighting  850 to 10,000 by end of the war

25. Battle of Verdun German attack on French Longest battle of WWI (300 days) Total casualties – 700,000 No clear winner Germany got 4 miles Stalemate

26. Battle of Somme British/French surprise attack against Germans British losses 1 st day – over 20,000 men Total Casualties – 1Million+ No clear winner  Britain got 5 Miles Stalemate Battle of Somme

27. 1 st Game Eastern Front Battle of Tannenberg Russia vs. Germany  August 23 rd Russian Advantages  Largest army (15:1 ratio Russian to German)  Not well trained  Lacked weapons Russian Disadvantages  Least industrialized  Lack of Modern Technology Outcome:  Germans crushed the invading Russians  30,000 Russian soldiers killed

28. Russia Struggles Russia’s war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties  Was not industrialized  Lacked food, guns, ammunition, clothing, boots, and blankets Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force  Prevents Germany from sending more troops to the Western Front

29. SECTION 3 A Global Conflict

30. Battle of Gallipoli- February 1915 Britain’s (Winston Churchill) Game Plan :  Open supply route to Russia  Capture Dardanelle Straight gaining access to Black Sea and the Ottoman capital, Constantinople  Eliminate the Ottoman Empire from the war, Central Power ally Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire – promised land by A- H to defend Dardanelle’s at all cost Effort ends in costly Allied defeat  250,000 allied casualties Battle of Gallipoli

31. America Enters WWI

32. NOT OUR WAR BUSINESSES COULD SELL TO BOTH SIDES More tied to allied powers RECENT IMMIGRANTS FROM BOTH SIDES America Neutral?

33. Reason for US Entry Sinking of the Lusitania Zimmerman Note Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

34. German u-boats sink military, passenger, and merchant ships on sight to halt supply to Britain Halts policy in 1915, after sinking of Lusitania angers U.S. Renews unrestricted policy in 1917, hopes to starve Britain quickly 4 US ships sunk between Jan-Mar 1917 US declares war: April 2, 1917

35. Sinking of the Lusitania German u-boat torpedoes British passenger ship off Irish coast  Germans suspected it was carrying ammunition; turned out to be true  1200 die, 128 Americans Sinking

36. Zimmerman Note Note from German Foreign Minister to German Ambassador to Mexico  Convince Mexico to go to war against US  Mexico to gain territory lost in Mex-Am War  Prevent U.S. from joining war in Europe  Join the fight April 2 nd 1917

37. War at Home Governments Wage Total War World War I becomes total war—nations devote all resources to war  Governments take control of economy to produce war goods  Unemployment all but vanished  Nations turn to rationing—limiting purchases of war-related goods Propaganda—one-sided information to build morale, support for war Women and the War At home, thousands of women fill jobs previously held by men Many women also experience the war by working as nurses

38. America Prepares for War

39. Russia Withdraws Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar Nicholas to step down from throne in 1917 Communists soon take control of Russia’s government under the supervision of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918, pulls out of war

40. The Central Powers Collapse With Russia gone, Germany moves most forces to Western Front Engage in major fighting; Allies force Germans to retreat Second Battle of the Marne (7/18) - Last Major German Offensive 140,000 Fresh US Troops then 2 million more 350 allied tanks Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates on November 9 th, 1918 Allies win war; armistice—end of fighting—signed in November 1918  11:00am 11/11/18

41. Global War Resources and soldiers from colonies  War devastates European economies, drains national treasuries; 338 Billion  Many acres of land and homes, villages, towns destroyed Survivors suffer disillusionment and despair; reflected in the arts Fought in Asia and Africa - Allies gained German colonies  British get help from Middle East colonies of Ottoman Empire conquered the Ottoman’s – expected independence at war’s end Peace Agreement

42. Lives Lost Russia1,700,000 France1,357,000 Great Britain 908,000 United States130,174 Germany1,800,000 Austria1,200,000 Diseases, hunger, and other war-related causes 20,000,000 IInfluenza of Spanish Flu War takes heavy toll: 8.5 million soldiers dead, 21 million wounded

43. SECTION 4 A Flawed Peace

44. Key Leaders Come Together Group of leaders known as the Big Four dominate peace talks:  U.S. president Woodrow Wilson  French ruler Georges Clemenceau  David Lloyd George of Great Britain  Vittorio Orlando of Italy  Russia was not represented because of civil war

45. Wilson’s Fourteen Points Three Goals: Ensure lasting peace CCalls for free trade and end to secret alliances, military buildups Right to choose government PPromotes self-determination—right of people to govern own nation League of Nations: IInternational body of representatives from each country with the purpose of maintaining peace

46. League of Nations Formed United States didn’t join  many Americans oppose League of Nations and involvement with Europe  Congress feared it would drag us into another war  Weakened the power of the League of Nations  No power to enforce its decisions

47. Paris Peace Conference 5 Separate Peace Treaties known as the Peace of Paris Each Central Power Country signed a separate peace treaty Central Powers not invited Big 4 Allied Powers – Great Britain, US, France, Italy  Britain, France oppose Wilson’s ideas; want to punish Germany Allies, Germany sign accord, Treaty of Versailles, on June 28 th 1919

48. Treaty of Versailles Germany got a R.A.W. Deal R.eparations – payments to victors for war damages ($33B) A.llied Punishments  De-militarized Germany  Took Germany’s colonies  Gave Alsace Lorraine to France  Took Saar Basin (coal supplies)  Took Rhineland (buffer zone) W.ar Guilt – Germany had to accept total blame for the war; article 231  Video of the treaty Video of the treaty R. A. W.

49. The Creation of New Nations Versailles treaty, other peace accords change the look of Europe Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire all lose lands  Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn into mandates New countries created in southeastern Europe; Russia gives up land  Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania The war to end all wars…

50. Map of Europe Redrawn

51. A Peace Built on Quicksand Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sides German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war America never signs Treaty of Versailles Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less land than they want