2. Europe in 1740 Europe in 1740

3. FRANCE  Dynasty  Bourbons  Economy  Mercantilism  Two Weak Monarchs…  Louis XV (r. 1715-74)  Louis XVI (r. 1774-92)  Common people suffer from heavy taxes/hunger  Aristocracy grows stronger  People distrust French monarchy  Lost colonial empire to British with defeats in War of Spanish Succession & Seven Years’ War

4. GREAT BRITAIN  1707  Unification of Scotland & England = Great Britain  Economy  Mercantilism  British Political System  King & Parliament share power  New Dynasty  Hanoverians (“Georges” from Germany)  Hanover Kings rely on prime minister to handle Parliament  Robert Walpole (1721-42)  William Pitt the Elder (1757-61) & the Younger (1783-1801)  Built huge colonial empire in series of wars & alliances vs. France  Peace of Utrecht(1713)  Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay & the asiento  Treaty of Paris (1763)  India, Quebec & lands E. of Mississippi R., including Florida

5. PRUSSIA  Dynasty  Hohenzollern  Economy  Agricultural with Serfdom  Major Problem  lack of territorial integrity  Frederick William I (r.1713-1740) increases Prussia’s power  Expands army & bureaucracy (General Directory)  Junker nobility dominates serfs  Committed to greatness of Prussian militarism (“Sparta of the North”)  Frederick William’s Successor  FREDERICK THE GREAT  Was Frederick the Great an “enlightened monarch”?

6. Frederick the Gr eat (r.1740-86)  Impassioned by the arts as a young man  Started War of Austrian Succession by breaking Pragmatic Sanction (1740)  Implemented reforms after near defeat in 7 Years’ War  Religious toleration (except Jews)  Intellectual freedom  Improved Prussia’s schools  Simplified Prussian law code  Abolished torture  Demanded impartial legal judgments  Maintained noble privilege & dominion over serfs “I am the first servant of the state.”

7. Frederick’s Palace @ Sans Souci:

8. Austrian Empire  Dynasty  Hapsburgs  Economy  Agricultural with Serfdom  Major Problem  nationalities problem  Won Spanish Netherlands, Milan & Naples in War of Spanish Succession  Maria Theresa centralizes power  Limited the role of the papacy  Strengthened central bureaucracy  Improved tax system (even nobles!)  Reduced power of lords over serfs  Maria Theresa Successor  JOSEPH II Maria Theresa (r. 1740-80)

9. Joseph II (r.1780-90)  Initiated far reaching reform program…  Complete religious toleration; even for Protestants & Jews (Toleration Patent of 1781)  Abolished serfdom  Freed serfs given legal rights over their landholdings  Eliminated the death penalty  Established the principle of the equality of all before the law  Made German the official language of the bureaucracy  Radical edicts were canceled after his death “I have made Philosophy the lawmaker of my empire.”

10. RUSSIA  Dynasty  Romanovs  Economy  Agricultural with Serfdom  Major Problem  the pendulum of Russian history  To westernize or not to westernize?  Six week tsars succeeded Peter the Great  fell under control of the Palace Guard  Tsar Peter III executed during coup by Palace Guard  CATHERINE THE GREAT becomes tsarina in 1762  Was Catherine the Great an “enlightened monarch”?

11. Catherine the Great (r.1762-96)  Continued westernization of Russia started by Peter the Great (imported artists & intellectuals)  impassioned by the Enlightenment (corresponded w/ philosophes like Voltaire & Diderot)  Attempted domestic reforms..  Unified law code & restriction of torture  Limited religious toleration  Educational improvement  Reform of local governments  Abandoned Reform after Pugachev’s Rebellion (1773)…  Charter of Nobility (1785)  Nobles given absolute authority over serfs  Serfdom extended to Ukraine “I shall be an autocrat, that’s my trade; and the good Lord will forgive me, that’s his.”

12. DUTCH REPUBLIC  Experienced a period of decline in late 17 th c.  Wars w/ England & France put heavy burdens on Dutch finances & manpower  Dutch shipping monopoly challenged by the English  Dutch domestic industries, including fishing, stagnated  Lack of political unity after death of William III (1702)  weakened system of the States General  Power struggle  Regents vs. House of Orange  Dutch burghers (“Patriots”) begin to agitate for domestic reforms  Invaded by Prussian king to protect his sister (wife of Orangist stadtholder)  crushed Patriots  Only thing keeping Dutch relevant  financial system

13. SPAIN  Experienced a Period of Decline during 17 th c.  Philip III expels the Morsicos (1609)  Revenues from colonies declined  Loss of the quinto  Spanish currency devalued  Aristocracy maintained wealth & power  lacked sizable middle class  New Dynasty in 18 th c.  Bourbons  Bourbon Kings modeled Spanish state on French monarchy  Philip V & Charles III  Aristocratic elite  resisted foreign ideas at expense of Spain  Mercantilist legislation to promote domestic industry  Ideas of Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

14. OTHER MEDITERRANEAN STATES  Portugal  Been in steady decline since losing the Spice trade to Dutch (late 16 th c.)  Briefly revived by marquis of Pombal  curtailed power of nobility & Catholic Church  Nobility & Church regained power after removal of Pombal  Italian States  Austria replaces Spain as dominant power on peninsula  after Peace of Utrecht (1713)  Independent Italian States impotent in continental affairs

15. SWEDEN  Dominant power in Northern Europe (17 th c.)  Loss at battle of Poltava (1709)  marked Swedish decline  Swedish nobility regain power in 1718  monarchy reduced to puppet status  King Gustavus III (1771-1792) reasserts power of the monarchy  the most enlightened of all European monarchs?  Laissez-faire economic reforms  Freedom of religion, speech & press  New code of justice/abolition of torture  Group of nobles assassinate Gustavus (1792)  proved unable to restore rule of aristocracy

16. Gustavus III (r.1771-92)  Restored the principle of strong monarchy in Sweden via bloodless military coup (Aug.19, 1772)  Known as the “Theatre King”. Strong patron of the arts, poetry, theatre, and opera.  Liberal domestic reforms..  Torture forbidden by law (1772)  Death penalty abolished for # of offenses (1778-79)  Relig. Toleration for Catholics & Jews (1781)  Laissez-faire economic reforms  Rescinded freedom of the press  Upset nobility w/ increased power to king and restriction of privileges; assassinated via noble plot in 1792 “ I will never pretend esteem for a man whose principles I deteste.”

17. POLAND- LITHUANIA

18. A Brief History of Poland

20. War of Austrian Succession (1740-48) AUSTRIA Great Britain WAR PRUSSIA France  Cause  Frederick the Great ignores the Pragmatic Sanction & invades Silesia  War fought in Europe, Asia & North America  Prussia seized Silesia; France occupied Austrian Netherlands (Europe)  France took Madras from Britain (Asia)  British captured French fortress of Louisbourg (North Am.)  Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)  all occupied territories must be returned to original owners except Silesia  This treaty basically guaranteed that another war would be fought!

21. SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (1756-63) Austria France Russia WAR Prussia Great Britain  Causes  Prussia refused to return Silesia to Austria; Count Wenzel von Kaunitz engineers Diplomatic Revolution of 1756  Fought on Three Continents – Europe, Asia & No. America Fought on Three Continents – Europe, Asia & No. America  Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763)  ends fighting in Europe; returns all occupied territories  recognized Prussia’s permanent control over Silesia  Treaty of Paris (1763)  Britain gets India, Quebec & lands E. of Mississippi from France  French ally Spain transfers Spanish Florida to Britain  French gives Louisiana territory to Spain

22. Seven Years’ War: The 1 st World War? Seven Years’ War: The 1 st World War?