1. Solid State Morphing Aircraft Team Progress Report 02/13/2014 Members: James Bird Roger Bounthisane Amber Cook Elaine Gumapas Thoai Nguyen Jeremiah Silvis

2. Aerodynamics  Wandering Albatross  Common Buzzard  Grey Heron  Cormorant

3. Geometric Shapes  Rounded Rectangle (Buzzard)  Most simple fabrication shape and theoretical analysis  Elliptic (Grey heron)  Least amount of induced drag  Pointed Tip (Wandering Albatross)  Generates the most lift  Dihedral (Cormorant)  Flies at higher speeds

4. Length( m) Sheets (#) Total Thickness (m) Harmonic Freq. 0.7510.000853.50 0.7520.001707.00 0.7530.0030012.36 0.8510.000852.73 0.8520.001705.45 0.8530.003009.62 0.9010.000852.43 0.9020.001704.86 0.9030.003008.58 1.0010.000851.97 1.0020.001703.94 1.0030.003006.95 1.1010.000851.63 1.1020.001703.26 1.1030.003005.75 E Density (kg/m^3)Thickness(m) CF5.12E+091010.870.000085 Wing Span(m) Chord Length (m) Leading Edge Trailing Edge Thickness (m) Volume (m^3) Mass (kg)lb 1.50.5StraightElliptic8.50E-055.01E-040.5061.113 1.50.5straight rounded rect8.50E-056.21E-040.6281.381 1.50.3Straight triangle edge8.50E-052.61E-040.2640.581 1.50.75Straightpointed tip8.50E-055.76E-040.5821.280 Wing Characteristics Wing Natural Freq.

5. Structural Projected Weight Item Weight (oz.) Mass (g) DC-DC Converter0.9827.78 11.1 V Battery 5.96169.00 Half-size breadboard1.2736.00 Microcontroller0.236.50 fuzelage3.60102.06 Wing12.00506.00 Total24.04847.34 =1.86 lb.

6. Finite Element Model

7. Electronics/Coding  Creating a signal generator that has variable period and amplitude.  An RC low pass filter will be added to signal to make a smooth the analog signal for the DC-DC boost converter to follow.  Further research for a simpler method of signal generation with analog control is being researched.

8. Arduino Code sketch_jan31.ino /* created by: James Bird last modified: 1/31/14 */ int diff, feedback, time; int dir=1; int count=1; int pos=1; int diffPot=0; int timePot=3; int feedbackPin=5; void setup() { pinMode(9,OUTPUT); Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { diff=.1*analogRead(diffPot); //0.1*(1023)=MAX of 102 bit step time=.1*analogRead(timePot); //0.1*1023=MAX of 102 ms time delay feedback=analogRead(feedbackPin); pos=pos+dir*diff; //newPos=oldPos+(direction)step if(pos<0) { dir=1; pos=0; } if(pos>255) { dir=-1; pos=255; } analogWrite(9,pos); delay(time); }

9. Output Maximum Frequency : 12 Hz Voltage ranges from 0 to 2.60 VDC STEP DELAY PWM A0 A3 RC FILTER A5 Oscilloscope

10. Specimens bonded w/ M8507P1 (MFC) A) 1 layer carbon fiber substrate (85x7mm) B) 3 layered carbon fiber substrate (85x7mm) C) 5 layered carbon fiber substrate (85x7mm) D) Re-using Sample B or Sample C to make a bimorph (85x7mm) Unimorph (1 MFC) Bimorph (2 MFCs) Substrate Piezo Smart Materials # of Layers Length (mm) Width (mm) Thickness (mm) Volume (mm^3)Mass (g) Density (kg/m^3) Modulus Pa (N/m^2) 1101.457.750.31756.7551.7967.69335.12E+09 3101.262.170.855347.8635.51028.4485.12E+09 5101.561.961.459118.9639.21008.8875.12E+09 Table 1: Properties of Fabricated Carbon Fiber Samples Sample A Sample B Sample C Figure 1: Carbon Fiber Samples Figure 2: MFC & Substrate Layup

11.  Test runs are in progress of bonding the MFC to the carbon fiber substrate to prevent any imperfections or slippage while being vacuum bagged Current Fabrication Tape Hinges Macro-Fiber Composite Carbon Fiber Substrate Glue Epoxy Figure 3: MFC & Carbon Fiber Figure 4: Component Layup

12.  Apparatus similar to composite testing for a fixed end cantilever beam  Samples will be tested through series of voltage loads from 0 to 1500v  Data collected and analyzed to observe the relationship between strain (having proportional relationship to voltage) and blocking force of the MFC Figure 5: Apparatus Setup Testing Figure 6: Blocking Force Experiment