1. Manipulating forage growth and grazing behavior: The essence of rational grazing Dennis Hancock Extension Forage Specialist UGA – Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences Dennis Hancock Extension Forage Specialist UGA – Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences 2010 Georgia Grazing School

2. Forage Managed for Hay Available Forage (dry mass/unit area)

3. Rotational Grazing Rational grazing: - André Voisin, Grass Productivity, 1959 The rationing of pasture forage based on the needs of animal. Logical, thoughtful management of grazing based on measurements and observation. Rational

5. “How does your forage grow?” Lag Linear Stationary Available Forage (dry mass/unit area)

6. “How does your forage grow?” Early Veg. Late Veg. Reproductive Available Forage (dry mass/unit area)

7. When is the forage growing fastest?

9. Available Forage (dry mass/unit area) When is the forage growing fastest?

10. When will forage quality be highest?

11. When will forage quality yield be highest?

12. The Paradox of Forage Quality and Quantity Digestibility

13. When should I start grazing?

14. When should I stop grazing?

15. Recreational Grazing (Selective)

16. What happens when a mob stays in a paddock too long?

17. What you don’t see…. Roots die back Roots die back even more Graze/Cut Regrowth Begins Graze/Cut Again Adequate Rest

18. “More than meets the eye…”

19. “How does your forage grow?” 100 50 Optimum Cut Early Relative conc. of carbohydrates in storage organs

20. Stubble Height Rest Period or “Round” (d) 142128 in.-------------- (g TNC/m 2 ) ------------ 3 8.413.3 6.5 642.834.548.2 940.243.561.5 Management of residual stubble height and rest period (“length of round”) on carbohydrate storage in Tifton 85 stems/stolons. * * Adapted from Liu et al., 2011. Crop Sci. TNC = Total non-structural carbohydrates.

21. Stubble Height Rest Period or “Round” (d) 142128 in.-------------- (lbs/acre) ------------ 3 8714984411807 6 91608625 9993 9110339100 8565 Management of residual stubble height and rest period (“length of round”) on effective Tifton 85 yields. * * Adapted from Liu et al., 2011. Crop Sci. Yields are grazing season totals (3-yr avg.) and include only that forage above the managed residual stubble height. SH did not affect CP or IVOMD. Both CP and IVOMD dec. (L from 60.2% to 58.2%) as rest inc. from 14 to 28 d.

22. Animal productivity is primarily a function of feed intake.

23. Forage Intake Animal productivity (gains, milk, fiber, etc.) is primarily a function of feed intake. Forage Intake is a function of:  Bite size  Bite rate  Grazing time

24. Forage Intake What happens when: 1.Pastures are very short 2.Pastures are tall 3.The animal’s mouth size is below average 4.Animal is ill or uncomfortable (heat stress) 5.Grazing time is restricted Extra Credit: a.Animal starts feeling full b.Forage is very fibrous c.Intestinal passage rate is slow (fast)

25. Approximate Diet Selection of Grazing Animals when Given Choice Type of Diet Animal SpeciesGrassesLegumesBrowse Cattle 65-7520-305-10 Horses 70-8015-250-5 Sheep 45-5530-4010-20 Goats 20-3010-3030-50 White-tailed deer 30-6040-5010-30 Source: Southern Forages, 4 th edition.

27. Grazing Behavior: Cattle Spend up to 8 hrs/day grazing  “Cows are union members. They refuse to graze more than 8 hours per day.” - Voisin  Longest bouts are at dawn, late afternoon, and at sunset. Grass length affects bite rate:  4-5 in. = swallowed right down  10-12 in. = it has to be masticated. Bite rate generally runs 30-90 bites/min.

28. Grazing Behavior: Cattle Grazing time is genetically influenced.  Identical twins graze almost exactly the same amount of time (+/- 2%), but differences between pairs of twins will differ (+/-40%).  Bite rate is relatively constant (48-54 bites/ min.), but some graze longer and sustain high rate longer.  Implication: Good grazers can be selected Grazing objectives:  Exercise and activity  Eat and retreat  Meet nutritional needs  Maintain relatively full gut

30. Grazing Behavior: Horses Spend 14.5 – 16.8 hrs/day grazing  60-70% of the day  Mostly around dawn and before sunset Grazing time is altered by conditions.  Time dec. with heat, insect, etc. stressors.  Low forage quality = inc. passage rate & inc. forage intake

31. Grazing Behavior: Horses Tend to graze in 3 – 7 extended bouts/d  Bite rate ranges from 12-50 bites/min.  Single grazing bouts of up to 180 min.  Grazing bouts increase as group size increases from 1 to 4 horses Grazing objectives:  Meet nutritional needs  Maintain relatively full gut  Exercise and activity  Social (implications for selectivity)

32. Recreational Grazing (Selective)

33. Grazing Habit Goats prefer to graze above the shoulder. Grazing close to the ground increases the opportunity for parasitic larva consumption.

34. Goat Grazing Preference Trial UK Robinson Station 2006

35. Goat Grazing Preference Trial UK Robinson Station 2006 (Most to least) Sorghum Sudan White clover Turnip Red clover Chicory Sericea Lespedeza Tall Oatgrass Alfalfa Warm Season Grasses (EGG, Switch, BB, Indian) Reed Canarygrass Orchardgrass Annual Lespedeza Novel Endophyte TF Endophyte Free TF Infected TF Bluegrass Bermudagrass

36. Resources Grass Productivity – Andre’ Voisin, 1959. On Google Books or available for purchase Horse Behavior – George Waring, 2003. On Google Books or available for purchase

37. Resources Managing Grazing of Horses Horse Feeding Behavior

38. Resources

39. I’ve run out of pasture.