1. Elements Front of card Back of card Pure substances made of one type of atom.

2. Sodium Front of card Back of card Na

3. Potassium Front of card Back of card K

4. Inorganic compounds Front of card Back of card Do not contain C. Except CO 2 and CN (cyanide). Ex. water, salt (NaCl)

5. Organic compounds Front of card Back of card Contain C and H. In all living organisms. Ex. glucose, sucrose

6. Reactants Front of card Back of card Substances before the arrow.

7. Products Front of card Back of card Substances after the arrow.

8. Acids Front of card Back of card <7 on pH scale. Ex. Stomach acid

9. Bases Front of card Back of card >7 on pH scale. Ex. sodium hydroxide (baking soda) Spit, small intestine are both basic.

10. Metabolism Front of card Back of card All chemical reactions that occur in the body. Can be anabolic or catabolic.

11. Monomers Front of card Back of card Single units of a substance used to build polymers. Amino acids(monomer) used to build proteins (polymer).

12. Polymers Front of card Back of card Substance made up of many monomers.

13. Catabolic Reactions Front of card Back of card “Catastrophe!” Breaks polymers into monomers Ex. digestion A.K.A. hydrolysis

14. Hydrolysis Front of card Back of card “water, to cut” Polymers are broken down into monomers using water.

15. Anabolic Reactions Front of card Back of card Combine monomers to make polymers Ex. photosynthesis AKA. Dehydration synthesis

16. Dehydration Synthesis Front of card Back of card Polymers are made from the removal of water from 2 smaller molecules.

17. Carbohydrates Front of card Back of card Made in plants. Source of energy. Composed of 1 carbon (C) 2 hydrogens (H) 1 oxygen (O)

18. Purposes of Carbohydrates Front of card Back of card 1.Structural- cells, cytoplasm 2.Energy -

19. Monosaccharides Front of card Back of card 1 sugar unit ex. glucose, fructose and galactose.

20. Disaccharides Front of card Back of card 2 sugar units Ex. Sucrose, Maltose lactose

21. Polysaccharides Front of card Back of card many sugar units Energy - Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Storage – cellulose (plants) Chitin(insects)

22. Glucose Front of card Back of card 1 sugar unit Found in blood Main source of ENERGY!!!!!

23. Fructose Front of card Back of card 1 sugar unit Found in fruits. Twice as sweet as glucose. Used for sweeteners.

24. Galactose Front of card Back of card 1 sugar unit Found in milk. Nutritive sweetener.

25. Sucrose Front of card Back of card 2 sugar units glucose+ glucose Table sugar

26. Maltose Front of card Back of card 2 sugar units glucose+ glucose Found in seeds of germinating plants.

27. Lactose Front of card Back of card 2 sugar units galactose+ glucose Found in milk

28. Starch Front of card Back of card Polymer Made of many glucoses. Created during photosynthesis.

29. Glycogen Front of card Back of card Polymer Made of many glucoses. After a meal, glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells.

30. Cellulose Front of card Back of card Polymer Made of many glucoses. Found in plant cell walls. Known as fiber. Helps with digestion.

31. Lipids Front of card Back of card Made of C, H and O. More H’s. 3 types: 1.Phospholipids 2.Steroids 3.Triglycerides (fats)

32. Purpose of Lipids Front of card Back of card 1.Energy storage. Contains >2x the calories of carbs or proteins. 2.Structural material Cell membranes, cushion for organs, insulation, hormones.

33. Triglycerides Front of card Back of card FAT. 2 types: saturated and unsaturated

34. Saturated Fat Front of card Back of card Comes from animals. Single bonds = hard to break down. Solid at room temp. Ex. butter.

35. Unsaturated Fat Front of card Back of card Comes from plants double bonds = easier to break down. liquid at room temp. Ex. canola oil

36. Phospholipids Front of card Back of card Cell membranes Phosphate is hydrophilic and fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.

37. Steroids Front of card Back of card 4 carbon rings. Important in making hormones. Ex. cholesterol like HDLs and LDLs

38. HDLs Front of card Back of card High Density Lipoproteins. GOOD. Carry LDLs to the liver to be broken down and removed from the body.

39. LDLs Front of card Back of card Low Density Lipoproteins. BAD.  Clog arteries. Can lead to heart attack or stroke.

40. Proteins Front of card Back of card C, H, O and N Needed for cells, muscle, repair, and maintenance. hormones Hemoglobin Enzymes antibodies Made up of amino acids.

41. Amino acids Front of card Back of card Monomers of proteins. Joined together by peptide bonds.

42. Polypeptide Front of card Back of card Chain of amino acids.

43. Levels of protein structure Front of card Back of card Primary – linear Secondary – folded or coiled Tertiary – 3-D Quaternary - globular

44. Denaturation Front of card Back of card Temporary change in shape of a protein by heat, radiation or pH changes. The protein changes function.

45. Nucleic acids Front of card Back of card DNA and RNA Heredity and protein synthesis. Monomer: nucleotide

46. DNA Front of card Back of card

47. Vitamins Front of card Back of card Are coenzymes, which help enzymes to work. Vitamin A – vision Vitamin B – prevent spinal defects Vitamin C- prevent scurvy Vitamin D – prevents depression

48. Minerals Front of card Back of card Are cofactors, which help enzymes to work. Calcium – bones Iodine – prevent goitre Potassium – nerves Iron – low = tired

49. Simple sugar (glucose) test Front of card Back of card Benedict’s reagent Blue  yellow - red

50. Starch test Front of card Back of card Iodine Amber  black

51. Protein test Front of card Back of card Biuret Blue  lilac

52. Lipid test Front of card Back of card Sudan IV Powder  red liquid Brown paper Opaque  transleucent

53. Enzymes Front of card Back of card Protein catalysts Increase the rate of a reaction without increasing temperature. Can be reused.

54. How Enzymes Work Front of card Back of card

55. Enzymes are substrate- specific Front of card Back of card Enzymes are named for the substrate they act on. Maltose(sugar)- maltase Sucrose – sucrase Starch – amylase Protein – pepsin (stomach) & trypsin

56. Enzymes are substrate- specific Front of card Back of card Enzymes are named for the substrate they act on. Maltose(sugar)- maltase Sucrose – sucrase Starch – amylase Protein – pepsin (stomach) & trypsin