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2. Section 1: Social Structure and Status
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Section 1: Social Structure and Status
Section 2: Social Structure and Roles
Section 3: Preindustrial Societies
Section 4: Industrial and Postindustrial Societies
Chapter Menu

3. Chapter Preview · Section 1
Social Structure and Status (pages 140–145)
The underlying pattern of social relationships in a group is called the social structure. Status is one very important element of social structure. Ascribed statuses are assigned at birth; achieved statuses are earned or chosen.
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4. Chapter Preview · Section 2
Social Structure and Roles (pages 146–152)
People interact according to prescribed roles. These roles carry certain rights and obligations. Sometimes conflict or strain occurs when an individual has too many roles to play.
Chapter Preview 2

5. Chapter Preview · Section 3
Preindustrial Societies (pages 153–158)
The way a society provides for basic needs greatly affects its culture and social structure. Preindustrial societies include hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, and agricultural societies.
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6. Chapter Preview · Section 4
Industrial and Postindustrial Societies (pages 159–164)
The Industrial Revolution created a new type of society called an industrial society. Characteristics that distinguish this society from all earlier ones include the growth of large cities and a widespread dependence on machines and technology. Postindustrial society has a predominately white-collar labor force that is concentrated in service industries. Social instability has been linked to the transition from an industrial to a postindustrial society.
Chapter Preview 4

7. Chapter Preview-End

8. The underlying pattern of social relationships in a group is called the social structure. Status is one very important element of social structure. Ascribed statuses are assigned at birth; achieved statuses are earned or chosen.
Section 1-Preview

9. social structure status ascribed status achieved status status set
master status
Section 1-Key Terms

10. Section 1-Polling Question
Which is a way that people display their status in our society?
A. Their home
B. Their car
C. Wearing a uniform
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 1-Polling Question

11. Social Structure Is All Around You
Social structure is the underlying patterns of relationships in a group.
Section 1

12. Which is NOT an aspect of social structure? A. It involves groups
B. It involves patterns
C. It involves computers
D. It involves relationships A B C D
Section 1

13. Everyone Has Status
A status is a position a person occupies within a social structure.
An ascribed status is neither earned nor chosen; it is assigned to us.
Section 1

14. Everyone Has Status (cont.)
An achieved status is earned or chosen.
A status set is all of the statuses that a person occupies at any particular time.
The Interrelationships of Social Statuses
Section 1

15. Everyone Has Status (cont.)
Master statuses can be achieved or ascribed; they significantly affect the likelihood of achieving other social statuses.
Section 1

16. Which type of status would a doctor fall under? A. Master
B. Status set
C. Ascribed
D. Achieved A B C D
Section 1

17. Section 1-End

18. People interact according to prescribed roles
People interact according to prescribed roles. These roles carry certain rights and obligations. Sometimes conflict or strain occurs when an individual has too many roles to play.
Section 2-Preview

19. role right obligation role performance social interaction
role conflict
role strain
Section 2-Key Terms

20. Section-Polling Question
Which role do identify with the most?
A. Student
B. Sibling
C. Artist
D. Athlete A B C D
Section-Polling Question

21. Rights and Obligations
An expected behavior associated with a particular status is a role.
Rights are behaviors that individuals expect from others.
Obligations are behaviors that individuals are expected to perform toward others.
Section 2

22. Statuses “in action” is another name for: A. Rights B. Roles
C. Obligations
D. Society A B C D
Section 2

23. Role Performance and Social Interaction
Role performance is the actual conduct, or behavior, involved in carrying out (or performing) a role.
Social interaction is the process of influencing each other as people relate.
The Links Between Culture and Social Structure
Section 2

24. Role Performance and Social Interaction (cont.)
Role performance is much like a play, but there are many differences:
Most real-life role performance occurs without planning.
Real-life performance is ad-libbed.
We choose our own cues and responses.
Section 2

25. Which is an example of social interaction?
A. Asking a stranger for directions
B. Chatting with friends
C. Playing sports
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 2

26. Role Conflict and Role Strain
Role conflict exists when the performance of a role in one status clashes with the performance of a role in another.
Role strain occurs when a person has trouble meeting the many roles connected with a single status.
Section 2

27. Role Conflict and Role Strain (cont.)
To deal with the conflict and strain we:
Set priorities
Segregate roles
Illustrating Social Structure Concepts
Unemployment Rates
Section 2

28. How often does role strain and conflict affect your own life?
A. Very often
B. Sometimes
C. Rarely
D. Never A B C D
Section 2

29. Section 2-End

30. The way a society provides for basic needs greatly affects its culture and social structure. Preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial societies meet basic needs in different ways. Preindustrial societies include hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoral, and agricultural societies.
Section 3-Preview

31. hunting and gathering society horticultural society pastoral society
agricultural society
Section 3-Key Terms

32. Section 3-Polling Question
Which is an example of a preindustrial society?
A. Hunting and gathering
B. Pastoral
C. Agricultural
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 3-Polling Question

33. Types of Society
A society is composed of people living within defined territorial borders who share a common culture.
Section 3

34. Do you think our society today is becoming more global? A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Not sure A B C
Section 3

35. Hunting and Gathering Societies
Hunting and gathering society survives by hunting animals and gathering edible foods.
Time Line of Societies
Section 3

36. Hunting and Gathering Societies (cont.)
Characteristics:
Nomadic
Small in population
Cooperation and sharing are key
No social class
Family is the only institution
Time Line of Societies
Section 3

37. D. Moving from place to place
The following are important in the hunting and gathering society EXCEPT
A. Sharing
B. Gathering food
C. Thrift
D. Moving from place to place A B C D
Section 3

38. Horticultural Societies
A horticultural society solves the subsistence problem primarily through the growing of plants.
Time Line of Societies
Section 3

39. Horticultural Societies (cont.)
Characteristics:
More permanent settlements
Multicommunity societies
Family more key
More complex division of labor
Trade possible
Time Line of Societies
Section 3

40. What do you think is the main difference between the horticultural society and the hunting and gathering society?
A. The growing of plants
B. Emphasis on family
C. Permanent housing A B C
Section 3

41. Pastoral Societies
In pastoral societies, food is obtained primarily by raising and taking care of animals.
Time Line of Societies
Section 3

42. Pastoral Societies (cont.)
Characteristics:
Migration still needed, but with some permanent villages
Male dominated
More complex division of labor
Trade possible
Time Line of Societies
Section 3

43. Pastoral societies, food is primarily obtained by which method?
A. Hunting
B. Raising animals
C. Growing crops
D. Trade A B C D
Section 3

44. Agricultural Societies
An agricultural society subsists by growing food, but with the use of plows and animals.
Time Line of Societies
Section 3

45. Agricultural Societies (cont.)
Characteristics:
More food per unit of land due to the plow
Animals allow more people to engage in noneconomic activities
Cities built
Other occupations appear
Time Line of Societies
Section 3

46. Agricultural Societies (cont.)
Political, economic, religious institutions appear
Government replaces the family group
King or emperor rules
Social classes
Economy based on trade
Time Line of Societies
Section 3

47. Agricultural Societies (cont.)
Monetary system
Separation between religion and government
Time Line of Societies
Section 3

48. Which is NOT a true statement about the agricultural society?
A. Distinct social class
B. Monetary system used
C. Wealth and power based on land ownership
D. Nomadic society A B C D
Section 3

49. Section 3-End

50. The Industrial Revolution created a new type of society, called the industrial society. Characteristics that distinguish this society from all earlier ones include the growth of large cities and a wide-spread dependence on machines and technology. Postindustrial society has a predominately white-collar labor force that is concentrated in service industries. Social instability has been linked to the transition from an industrial to a postindustrial society.
Section 4-Preview

51. mechanical solidarity organic solidarity postindustrial society
mechanization
urbanization
gemeinschaft
gesellschaft
social solidarity
mechanical solidarity
organic solidarity
postindustrial society
Section 4-Key Terms

52. Section 4-Polling Question
Which technology do you think has made the biggest impact on our society?
A. Personal computers
B. Assembly lines
C. Robots A B C
Section 4-Polling Question

53. Basic Features of Industrial Societies
The industrial society is one that is dependent upon science and technology to produce its basic goods and services.
Section 4

54. Basic Features of Industrial Societies (cont.)
When societies shift from agricultural to industrial, some of the structural changes are:
A loss of simplicity and a gain of scientific knowledge
Animal and human labor is replaced by machines (mechanization)
Agricultural Employment
Section 4

55. Basic Features of Industrial Societies (cont.)
Urbanization—the movement from the country to the city
Families function differently
Section 4

56. Which of the following is a way that the family structure changed once an industrial society emerged?
A. Women became more subordinate to their husbands.
B. Family unity became less important.
C. Education was taught at home. A B C
Section 4

57. A Conversation with Two Sociologists
Tonnies’s view—two types of society:
Gemeinschaft = community; a society based on tradition, kinship, and intimate social relationships.
Gesellschaft = industrial society; weak family ties, competition, and less personal social relationships.
Section 4

58. A Conversation with Two Sociologists (cont.)
Durkheim’s view:
Social solidarity is the degree to which a society is unified or can hold itself together in the face of obstacles.
Section 4

59. A Conversation with Two Sociologists (cont.)
Two types of society that depend on solidarity:
Mechanical solidarity applies when members of a society hold the same beliefs, values, and norms; they tend to conform and depend on tradition and family to fulfill their needs.
Organic solidarity applies when members of an industrial society depend on a variety of people to fulfill their needs.
Section 4

60. The following are characteristics of mechanical solidarity EXCEPT
A. Group placed above the individual
B. Pressure for conformity
C. Needs filled by a variety of people
D. Tradition and family important A B C D
Section 4

61. Major Features of Postindustrial Society
In a postindustrial society, the economic emphasis is on providing services and information rather than on producing goods through basic manufacturing.
Section 4

62. Major Features of Postindustrial Society (cont.)
Five features of this society, according to Daniel Bell:
For the first time, the majority of the labor force are employed in services rather than in agriculture or manufacturing.
White-collar employment replaces much blue-collar work.
Section 4

63. Major Features of Postindustrial Society (cont.)
Technical knowledge is the key organizing feature in the postindustrial society.
Technological change is planned and assessed.
Computer modeling is relied upon in all areas.
Section 4

64. What was the major economic emphasis placed on during the postindustrial society?
A. Providing services
B. Agriculture
C. Raising animals
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 4

65. Social Instability in Postindustrial Society
Historian Francis Fukuyama believes that the transition to a service economy has increased social instability in nations undergoing this change.
However, he sees current indications of a return to social stability because humans find it difficult to live without values and norms.
Section 4

66. A B C D Do you agree with Fukuyama’s observations? A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Disagree
D. Not sure A B C D
Section 4

67. Section 4-End

68. The Interrelationships of Social Statuses
Figure 5.1

69. The Links Between Culture and Social Structure
Figure 5.2

70. Figure 5.3

71. Time Line of Societies
Time Line 1

72. Time Line of Societies
Time Line 2

73. Unemployment Rates Snapshot
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005.
Snapshot

74. Agricultural Employment
Source: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, 2005.
World View

75. Transparency 1

76. social structure the underlying patterns of relationships in a group
Vocab 1

77. status
a position a person occupies within a social structure
Vocab 2

78. ascribed status
a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned
Vocab 3

79. achieved status
a position that is earned or chosen
Vocab 4

80. status set
all of the statuses that a person occupies at any particular time
Vocab 5

81. master status
a person that strongly affects most other aspects of a person’s life
Vocab 6

82. role
an expected behavior associated with a particular status
Vocab 7

83. right
a behavior that individuals can expect from others
Vocab 8

84. obligation
a behavior that individuals are expected to perform toward others
Vocab 9

85. role performance the actual behavior of an individual in a role
Vocab 10

86. social interaction
the process of influencing each other as people relate
Vocab 11

87. role conflict
condition in which the performance of a role in one status interferes with the performance of a role in another status
Vocab 12

88. role strain
condition in which the roles of a single status are inconsistent or conflicting
Vocab 13

89. society
people living within defined territorial borders and sharing a common culture
Vocab 14

90. hunting and gathering society
a society that survives by hunting animals and gathering edible plants
Vocab 15

91. horticultural society
a society that survives primarily through the growing of plants
Vocab 16

92. pastoral society
a society in which food is obtained primarily by raising and taking care of animals
Vocab 17

93. agricultural society
a society that uses plows and draft animals in growing food
Vocab 18

94. industrial society
a society that depends on science and technology to produce its basic goods and services
Vocab 19

95. mechanization
the process of replacing animal and human power with machine power
Vocab 20

96. urbanization
the shifting of population from farms and villages to large cities
Vocab 21

97. gemeinschaft
pre-industrial society based on tradition, kinship, and close social ties
Vocab 22

98. gesellschaft
industrial society characterized by weak family ties, competition, and impersonal social relationships
Vocab 23

99. social solidarity
the degree to which a society is unified
Vocab 24

100. mechanical solidarity
a type of social unity achieved by people doing the same type of work and holding similar values
Vocab 25

101. organic solidarity
a type of social unity in which members’ interdependence is based on specialized functions and statuses
Vocab 26

102. postindustrial society
a society in which the economic emphasis is on providing services and information
Vocab 27

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