1. Dr Abukakr H Mossa Anatomy instructor MBBS, 22-25/9/2011 Histology lab Connective tissue

2. Outlines… Connective tissue (CT) features CT components: – Cells – Extracellular matrix Fibers: collagen, elastic and reticular fibers Ground substance Classification of CT: – Embryonic: Mesenchymal: givers rise to all types of adult connective tissue Warton’s jelly: in the umbilical cord – CT proper Loose CT Dense CT (regular & irregular) – Specialized CT: bone, cartilage, blood, adipose tissue, hemopoietic tissue and lymphatic tissue.

4. CT features Unlike the highly packed cells of the epithelium, the CT consists of variety of cells which are widely spaced in the intercellular matrix. It forms a vast and continuous compartment throughout the body, between the epithelia and muscular or nervous tissues. CT has many functions: – Supportive – Storage – Protection – ……..

5. CT components: Cells: Cells: – Different types of cells can be identified in a particular CT. – These cells are classified according to their permanency in the tissue into Resident: 1.Fibroblasts 2.Macrophages 3.Mast cells, basophil 4.Adipocytes Wandering: 1.Lymphocytes 2.Plasma cells 3.Monocytes 4.Eosinophil 5.neutrophil

6. Resident CT cells: It is the principal cell of the CT Function: production of CT fibers & ground substance. In H & E: – the nucleus appears as flat disc with a thin pale surrounding of cytoplasm 1. FIBROBLAST (FB):

7. 2. MACROPHAGES : Also called histiocytes – In conventional studies: Difficult to identify unless showing evidence of phagocytosis “visible ingested material in cytoplasm” Resident CT cells: Functions: 1.Phagocytosis: 2. Secretion of substances needed for inflammation: 3.Immune reaction

8. 3. Mast cells: Description: – large, ovoid with spherical nucleus, metochromatic cytoplasmic granules. Function: release of histamine and other inflammatory substances. Resident CT cells: Location: – in the connective tissue surrounding the blood vessels of the previously mentioned sites – CNS: Only in the meninges Not found in brain & spinal cord? – Lymphoid tissue except spleen 4. BASOPHILS: are similar to mast cells in function but they are smaller and has shorter life span

9. 5. Adipocytes: Functions: fat storage & hormonal secretion Shape : Origin: from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells Location: throughout CT or grouped in the form of adipose tissue Resident CT cells:

10. 1. LYMPHOCYTES: Smallest Shape : cytoplasm thin rim, nucleus deeply stained heterochromatic Found in large numbers in the lymphoid tissues and organs. Wandering CT cells: 3. EOSINOPHILS,NEUTROPHILS.. Activated and migrate into the CT upon need.

11. 2. Plasma cells: Origin: B lymphocytes with 10 – 30 days life span Shape: large, ovoid with basophilic extensive cytoplasm cartwheel or analog clock face. – Nucleus: round eccentric in position, shows large clumps of peripheral dark and pale areas→ cartwheel or analog clock face. Wandering CT cells:

12. EM is a complex structural network that surrounds and supports the CT cells. Composed of fibers and ground substance. CT components: Extracellular matrix

13. Ground substance: – A viscous, clear substance with a slippery feel and high water content. – Mainly formed by: proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoprotiens and glycosaminoglycans. – The ground substance plays important role in cell- to-cell communication and support. CT components: Extracellular matrix

14. Fibers: Three main types: 1.Collagen fibers: Most abundant Different (many) types with different structure, function and location. Can be synthesized by different cells of the CT and epithelial cells (where can you find CT in the epithelium??) Vitamin C is needed for their synthesis. (what is Scurvy? What happens in it?) Histologically stained with eosin and other acidic dyes as wavy structures. CT components: Extracellular matrix Collagen fiber

15. Fibers: Three main types: 2.Reticular fibers They provide structural framework for many tissues and organs. Called ‘reticular’ due to their arrangement as a network in the tissue they support. CT components: Extracellular matrix

16. Fibers: Three main types: 3.Elastic fibers: Found where the tissue needs to stretch and distend (vertebral ligament, larynx, elastic cartilage, arteries …) Fibers (elastin) are arranged in a network of coiled branching manner. Can be affected by excessive sun exposure. CT components: Extracellular matrix

17. CT classification: CT proper These two tissues are distinguished according to the relative amounts of fibers they contain. Dense connective tissues are completely dominated by fibers: dense irregular connective tissue, example is the dermis of the skin. regular dense connective tissue, examples of regular dense connective tissue are tendons, ligaments and apponeurosis Loose connective tissue is relatively cell rich, soft and compliant. It is also rich in vessels and nerves. Examples: mucous connective tissue, reticular connective tissue and adipose tissue.

18. Dense irregular CT (dermis of skin)

20. Loose areolar CT

21. Adipose tissue (AT) Adipose tissue is specialized to store fat in its adipocytes. According to the color of the stored fat, AT is divided into: – White AT: found mainly in ADULTS – Brown AT: in present during fetal life and first year of life Functions of AT: – White AT: energy starage, insulation, cushioning of vital organs and hormone secretion. – Brown AT: heat generation

22. Histologically: White fat: adipocytes have single, large lipid inclusion surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm Brown fat: multilocular adipose tissue contain numerous fat droplets

23. Adipose tissue

24. Thanks