1. URBAN GEOGRAPHY
Chapter 9

2. Thinking Geographically
Archaeologists have found that the houses in Indus River cities, such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were a uniform size: each house had access to a sewer system, and palaces were absent from the cultural landscape.
Derive a theory as to why these conditions were present in these cities that had both a leadership class and a surplus of agricultural goods.

3. When and Why Did People Start Living in Cities?
City: A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics
Urban: The buildup of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city (central city and suburbs)
Urbanization: Movement of people from rural to urban areas—can happen very quickly in the modern world

4. Urban Population

5. Origins of Urbanization
Agricultural villages
Began about 10,000 years ago
Relatively small, egalitarian villages, where most of the population was involved in agriculture
The first urban revolution: Enabling components
An agricultural surplus
Social stratification (leadership class)

6. Hearths of Urbanization

7. Hearths of Urbanization
Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE
Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE
Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE
Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE
Mesoamerica, 200 BCE

8. Indus River Valley Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro Intricately planned
Houses equal in size
No palaces
No monuments

9. Huang He and Wei River Valleys
Purposefully planned cities
Centered on a north-south axis
Inner wall built around center
Temples and palaces for the leadership class
Terracotta warriors guarding the tomb of
the Chinese Emperor Qin Xi Huang

10. Mesoamerica
Mayan and Aztec cities: Theocratic centers where rulers were deemed to have divine authority and were god-kings

11. Diffusion of Urbanization
Greek cities (by 500 BCE)
Greeks highly urbanized
Network of more than 500 cities and towns on the mainland and on islands
Acropolis (buildings on a height of land) and an agora (open public space) in each city
Roman cities
A system of cities and small towns, linked together by hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes
Sites of Roman cities typically for trade
Forum a combination of the acropolis and agora into one space
Extreme wealth and extreme poverty

12. Roman Empire

13. Urban Growth after Greece and Rome
Europe
Middle Ages (500–1300)
Little urban growth, even decline
Asia
Centers along the Silk Road
Urban growth in Korea, Japan
West Africa
The Americas

14. Cities in the Age of Exploration
Early Eurasian centers
Crescent-shaped zone from England to Japan
Most cities sited in continental interiors
Maritime exploration
Change in situation to favor coastal locations
Continued importance under colonialism
Wealth for mercantile cities of Europe
European model for cities in colonies

15. Urbanization
What do historians know about the earliest farmers and herders, and the evolution of cities?
Newly emerging evidence about the “cradles of civilization” is examined in light of the social, technological, and cultural complexity of recently discovered settlements and cities.
Unit 4. Agricultural and Urban Revolutions

16. The Second Urban Revolution
A large-scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing, made possible by
1. Second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus
2. Industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources
Favored places
Had undergone the second agricultural revolution
Possessed industrial resources
Possessed capital from mercantilism and colonialism

17. Industrialization in Europe

18. Where Are Cities Located, and Why?
Site
Absolute location
Static location, often chosen for trade, defense, or religion
Situation
Relative location
A city’s place in the region and the world around it
Trade area: An adjacent region within which a city’s influence is dominant

19. Trade Areas

20. Rank-Size Rule Characteristic of a model urban hierarchy
The population of the city or town is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million
Primate city: The leading city of a country, disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities

21. Central Place Theory Developed by Walter Christaller
Predicts how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) are functionally and spatially distributed
Assumes that
Surface is flat with no physical barriers
Soil fertility is the same everywhere
Population and purchasing power are evenly distributed
Region has uniform transportation network
From any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance

22. Hexagonal Hinterlands
C = city
T = town
V = village
H = hamlet

23. How Are Cities Organized, and How Do They Function?
Urban morphology: The layout of a city, its physical form and structure
Functional zonation: The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain functions (purposes)

24. Zones of the City Zones Central business district (CBD)
Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)
Modeling the North American city
Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
Multiple-nuclei model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

25. Classical Models of Urban Structure

26. Edge Cities
Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, including
Office complexes
Shopping centers
Hotels
Restaurants
Entertainment facilities
Sports complexes

27. Urban Realms Model
Each realm a separate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metropolitan framework

28. Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery: Latin America
Griffin-Ford model
Blend of Latin American traditions with globalization
Disamenity sectors
Not connected to city services
May be controlled by gangs and drug lords
Industrial park
Gentrification area

29. Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery: Subsaharan Africa
De Blij model
Low levels of urbanization but rapid growth rates
European colonial imprint

30. Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery: Southeast Asia
McGee model
Colonial port and surrounding commercial zone as focal point

31. How Do People Make Cities?
Role of powerful social and cultural forces
Periphery and semi-periphery
Sharp contrast between rich and poor
Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws
Luanda, Angola
Tokyo, Japan

32. Making Cities in the Global Core
Redlining: Financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods
Blockbusting : Realtors purposefully selling a home at a low price to an African American and then soliciting white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight”

33. Making Cities in the Global Core
Gentrification: Individuals buying and rehabilitating houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood
Commercialization: City government transforming a central city to attract residents and tourists, often in stark contrast to the rest of the central city
Tear-downs: Houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing them down to build much larger homes
McMansions: Large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot

34. Cityscapes, Suburban Sprawl Questions
PART I. VIDEO CLIP QUESTIONS
What is the CBD? Where is it located?
What are empowerment zones?
What is the ethnicity of the majority of the residents in South Boston?
What is La Cocina?
Where does the funding to Revitalize Boston’s empowerment zone come from?
List three things which occurred as a result of the empowerment zone’s revitalization.
What is advantageous about the relative location of Boston’s empowerment zone?
How can new businesses in the Boston empowerment zone receive tax credits?
North America’s tallest building is located where? What is it called?
Where is Sears located?
Why have many employers left the Central Business District?
Farmlands in what region of North America are under threat as a result of suburban sprawl?
What are “edge cities” on the edge of?
Why did Motorola leave the Chicago CBD for an edge city?
PART II. FRQ. Answer the following Question on a separate sheet of paper.
The pattern of migration in LDC’s is from Rural to Urban. The pattern in MDC’s is predominantly the opposite- from Urban to Rural. Discuss why these patterns are so different.

35. Urban Sprawl Cityscapes, Suburban Sprawl
Boston: Ethnic Mosaic — How has federal empowerment zone funding helped Boston's diverse but poor neighborhoods?
Chicago: Farming on the Edge — As in many areas of the U.S., suburban Chicago just keeps expanding into the surrounding countryside.

36. Urban Sprawl Discussion Questions
What changes in American society have made urban sprawl possible?
What are the consequences of lost farmland regionally, nationally and globally as other countries also lose land to urban growth?
Contemplate the time it takes nature to produce good soil versus the time it takes to build a city.
Why are so many farmers in the near hinterlands of big cities willing to sell the family farm? Discuss this phenomenon in terms of post-industrial transformation.
What is implied by the notion of “back to our roots”, and how “real” is it?
Do you feel there is a moral imperative to preserve the way of life and quality of life in small-town, rural America?

37. Urban Sprawl
Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

38. New Urbanism
Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
Concerns
Privatization of public spaces
Failure to address conditions that create social ills of cities
Countering urban sprawl

39. Gated Communities
Neighborhoods with controlled gate (access) for people and vehicles
Private security
Rapid diffusion to Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America
Security for wealthy in poor countries
Use for low-income communities in core countries

40. Ethnic Neighborhoods European cities: Neighborhoods of migrants
Cities of the periphery and semi-periphery

41. What Role Do Cities Play in Globalization?
Function of world cities beyond state boundaries
World cities as nodes in globalization
Primate cities with concentration of development, interconnectedness
Primate cities in former colonies

42. World Cities

43. FRQ
Discuss the central place theory of urban systems advanced by Christaller.
Describe the following features of the theory:
Central place
Trade area
Hexagonal hinterlands
What assumptions did Christaller make when formulating the theory?
Give one example of an area where his theory seems to explain the distribution of cities.