1. The Theory of Continental Drift Continental Drift Discovery

2. Bell Ringer 2.10.14 1. Pangaea was: a.) A time period when the dinosaurs lived b.) A unified ocean c.) A super-continent 2. TRUE or FALSE: Plates below us, and all over the world beneath Earth’s crust are still moving

3. Advanced: Bell Ringer 2.11.14 1. Plates move because: a.) Heat in the earth’s core provides energy for movement b.) earthquakes push & move plates c.) Tides push and move plates 2. TRUE or FALSE: Pangaea was the 1 st super continent to form on earth

4. The World

5. ALFRED WEGENER THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT Found evidence for PANGAEA and proposed the theory of continental drift.

6. Continental Drift (p95 red book, 182 in Sciencesaurus) Theory that continents were once part of a single landmass that broke apart and have moved to their present locations. can drift apart from one another and have done so in the past For more information about what the continents looked like throughout the Earth’s History go to: htttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/anim1.html

7. Pangaea Pangaea is the name given to the single landmass that was present 200 million years ago Can you name the continents in Pangaea? http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/pangaea/Pangaea_game.html

8. WEGENER’S EVIDENCE Fossil Evidence fossils are remains of living things that lived long ago. similar fossils have been discovered in matching coastlines on different continents.

9. WEGENER’S EVIDENCE

10. Mountains –Some mountain ranges on different continents seem to match. Ex: ranges in Canada match Norway and Sweden Ex: Appalachian Mtn. match UK mtn

11. Mountain Evidence some mountain ranges on different continents seem to match. mountain range in eastern Canada seems to match one found in Norway and Sweden.

12. Rock Evidence The age and kind of rocks and minerals along the edge of one continent match rocks and minerals along the edge of another continent.

14. WEGENER’S EVIDENCE Climatic evidence such as glaciers in areas that are now close to the Equator

15. Satellites used to measure the movement of continents Laser Geodynamics Satellite (LAGEOS) Evidence of Continental Drift

16. The Plates Move… So what now? Which way?Which way? - look at this image – this is the way the plates are moving. 50 million years- what they predict the world will look like50 million years

17. THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS THEORY STATES THAT EARTH’S OUTER LAYER (LITHOSPHERE) IS DIVIDED INTO PLATES THAT ARE IN CONSTANT SLOW MOTION MOVING AROUND ON TOP OF THE ASTHENOSPHERE

18. Theory of Plate Tectonics Theory that pieces of lithosphere move around on top of the asthenosphere

19. Layers of the Earth If we could take a chunk out of the Earth, we would see that it is made up of different layers.

20. Layers of the Earth Earth is made up of 3 main layers –Crust –Mantle –Core –Each layer has it’s own individual composition and physical properties.

21. Physical Properties and Composition Composition= what it’s made of Physical properties= characteristic that is unique and helps to identify the substance (temp, size, shape, color) Example: Chocolate Chip Cookies Composition- flour, eggs, sugar, chocolate chips, baking powder, butter Properties- round, rough, sweet, tan and black, hot, lumpy,

22. Layers of the Earth(p90) CRUST –Physical Properties: outermost layer thinnest layer (5-70km thick) Surface temperature 1% of Earth’s mass where we live touches the atmosphere –Composition: consists of loose rocks & soil

23. Crust Very thin

24. 2 Types of Crust Continental Crust: dry land, granite less dense Oceanic Crust: ocean floor, Basalt, thinner than cont. crust but more dense

25. Layers of the Earth MANTLE –Physical Properties: thickest layer (2900km thick) 1600-4000 F 66% of earth’s mass flowing –Composition: Molten rock –Magma

26. Layers of the Earth CORE –Physical properties: HOT! 4000-8000 F Very dense High pressure 4000 miles from surface 33% of Earth’s mass About the same size as Mars –Composition: Iron and Nickel (metals)

27. What have you noticed about temperature and pressure? As you get deeper inside the Earth, temperature Increases As you get deeper inside the Earth, pressure Increases

28. Layers of the Earth The 3 main layers of the Earth can be divided further by the way they “act” within the Earth and by their different physical properties.

29. Lithosphere Crust and upper Mantle outermost layer – includes crust and upper mantle rigid divided into pieces or tectonic plates Rocks and soil

30. Asthenosphere Middle Mantle composed of solid flowing rock layer on which pieces of lithosphere move on top (solid rock that flows) –Think of it like caramel

31. Mesosphere Bottom Mantle strong, lower part of the mantle layer between asthenosphere and core

32. The Core Outer and Inner The core is divided into two parts –Outer Core: Liquid iron and nickel that’s spinning –Inner Core: Solid iron and nickel Solid because of all the pressure of the rest of the Earth surrounding it.

34. How do we know? Seismic waves produced by earthquakes travel at different speeds through solid rock and liquids

35. Layers of the Earth

37. How do the plates move? P.3 A.) CONVECTION CURRENTS This is where Hot material from deep within the Earth rises (add this) while cooler material near the surface sinks

38. Convection currents

39. The asthenosphere consists of solid rock that is flowing. But it’s not all flowing in the same direction.

40. How do we know? B.) Sea-floor spreading This is where new ocean floor is created as two lithospheric plates pull away from one another.

41. These plate movements can cause… 1.) volcanoes 2.) earth quakes 3.) Mountain ranges (to form) 4.) Deep ocean trenches (to form)

42. Seafloor spreading

43. So the plates move. Now What? As the plates move, they produce changes in Earth’s surface, including volcanoes, earthquakes, mountain ranges, and deep- ocean trenches.

44. Plate Boundaries The edges of different pieces of The lithosphere meet at lines called plate boundaries

45. 3 types of plate boundaries: 1.) Convergent 2.) Divergent 3.) Transform

46. 3 Types of Plate Boundaries Divergent Convergent Transform

47. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY = WHEN TWO PLATES ARE MOVING AWAY FROM EACH OTHER MAGMA RISES AND SPILLS OUT FROM UNDER THE PLATES, MAKING NEW CRUST Ex.) rift valley OR trench

51. 3 Types of Boundaries Divergent boundary= two plates move apart Magma rises and creates new crust or seafloor Ex: sea-floor spreading or a rift Boundary animation

52. Divergent Boundaries © All Rights Reserved. Diverging Africa

54. edge of the Eurasian continent/plate where it drops into a rift valley which lies between the former and the North American tectonic plate.

55. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY = when one plate is pushed under (subducts) another plate. The plate that is pushed under is then recycled back into the asthenosphere. This is when the plates converge

56. 3 Types of Boundaries Convergent= when two tectonic plates push into one another.

57. Convergent Boundaries Continental vs. Continental Continental vs. Oceanic Oceanic vs. Oceanic

58. Continental vs. Continental When two continental crustal plates collide, the continents buckle upward and form mountains. Himalayas- Asia

60. Continental vs. Oceanic The oceanic plate slides under the continental plate. The continental crust crumbles and forms new mountains or volcanoes. Subduction Zone

61. Oceanic vs. Continental Ex: Andes mtn in S. America Cascade Mtns. in N. America- Mt. St. HelensMt. St. Helens

62. The oceanic plate slides under the continental plate. (Why doesn’t the continental plate slide under the oceanic crust?) This causes continental crust to crumble and forms new mountains or volcano

64. Oceanic vs. Oceanic Two oceanic plates collide, one of the oceanic plates slides under the other. oceanic plates slides also called a subduction zone subduction zone

65. Hawaiian Islands Oceanic vs. Oceanic

66. Transform boundary When two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally Produces? Earthquakes

67. San Andreas Fault

68. New Madrid Fault

69. Continents “fit together” like puzzle pieces WEGENER’S EVIDENCE

70. Bell Ringer Monday, 2/17/14 Pick up a convection lab guide, and answer pre-lab questions 1 - 3

71. CONVECTION LAB 1. WHAT QUESTION ARE WE TRYING TO ANSWER TODAY?

72. How do the tectonic plates move? 2. WHAT DO WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT HOW THE PLATES MOVE?

73. CONVECTION LAB 2. WHAT DO WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT HOW THE PLATES MOVE? HEAT FROM THE EARTH’S CORE PROVIDES THE ENERGY FOR THE PLATES TO MOVEHEAT FROM THE EARTH’S CORE PROVIDES THE ENERGY FOR THE PLATES TO MOVE THE PLATES ARE ALWAYS MOVINGTHE PLATES ARE ALWAYS MOVING 3. So, how is heat from the earth’s core getting to where the tectonic plates are?

74. Convection Lab 3. So, how is heat from the earth’s core getting to where the tectonic plates are? It is transferred through touching (conduction)!!! 3. HOW is the heat transferred from the earth’s core to the plates? Through CONDUCTION (touching) and CONVECTION (moving) Convection is the transfer of heat by the circulation or movement of the heated parts of a liquid or gas. HOT AIR RISES, COLD AIR SINKS

77. How do the plates move? 5.) CONVECTION CURRENTS This is where hot material from deep within the Earth rises while cooler material near the surface sinks

78. Convection Candle Currents http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_lqsyr Opvchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_lqsyr Opvc

79. Slide 75: When a candle burns, CONVECTION CURRENTS- rise above the flame. We are not able to see them, however, without special help like the light from a projector. Convection is the transfer of heat by the MOVEMENT of the heated parts of a liquid or gas.

80. Slide 76: When air is heated, its molecules actually bump into each other, spreading them farther apart and creating MOVEMENT. Think about magma in the asthenosphere: When magma is heated by touching the hot core below it, the magma will RISE.

81. Slide 77: After the magma cools, it will sink back down again to the core, just like the cold water from your ice cube sinks to the bottom of your cup. The core will again heat the magma, and the magma will again rise. The up and down, rising and sinking motions of the magma causes the tectonic plates to move.

82. Complete your diagram:

83. Convection in the mantle: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0dWF _3PYh4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0dWF _3PYh4

84. BGJHS Mission Statement: At BGJHS, all students are empowered to become respectful and responsible 21 st century learners and leaders.