1. BART – Source Attribution of Visibility Impairment WESTAR August 31, 2005 EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Todd Hawes Hawes.todd@epa.gov

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4. 4 Moosehorn (W) l Great Gulf (W) Presidental Range - Dry River (W) Acadia (NP) l Lye Brook (W) l Roosevelt-Campobello (IP) l Brigantine (W) l Shenandoah (NP) l James River Face (W) l l Otter Creek (W) l Swanquarter (W) l Linville Gorge (W) l Shining Rock (W) l Cohotta (W) Joyce Kilmer - Slickrock (W) l Cape Romain (W) l Wolf Island (W) l Okefenokee (W) l St. Marks (W) l Everglades (NP) l l l Mammoth Cave (NP) l Sipsey (W) l Breton (W) l Caney Creek (W) l Upper Buffalo (W) l Hercules-Glades (W) l Mingo (W) l Seney (W) l Isle Royale (NP) Boundary Waters Canoe Area (W) Voyageurs NP l Lostwood (W) l Theodore Roosevelt (NP) Badlands (W) l Wind Cave (NP) l Wichita Mountains (W) Big Bend (NP) l Guadalupe Mtns. (NP) l Carlsbad Caverns (NP) l Gila (W) l Salt Creek (W) l Wheeler Peak (W) l San Pedro Parks (W) l Pecos (W) l Bandelier (W) l White Mountain (W) l Bosque del Apache (W) l Rawah (W) l Mt. Zirkel(W) l Rocky Mountains (NP) Flat Tops (W) l Eagles Nest (W) l Maroon Bells-Snowmass (W) l West Elk (W) l Black Canyon (W) l La Garita (W) l Great Sand Dunes (W) l Mesa Verde (NP) Weminuche (W) l l Arches (NP) l Canyonlands (NP) l Capital Reef (NP) l Bryce Canyon (NP) l Zion (NP) Grand Canyon (NP) l Petrified Forest (NP) l Sycamore Canyon (W) l Pine Mtn. (W) l Mazatzal (W) l Sierra Ancha (W) l Mt. Baldy (W) l Bridger (W) l Fitzpatrick (W) l Grand Teton (NP) l Washakie (W) l North Absaroka (W) Yellowstone (NP) l Glacier (NP) Cabinet Mtns (W) l l Bob Marshall (W) l Scapegoat (W) l Gates of the Mountain (W) l Anaconda Pintlar (W) Red Rock Lake (W) l l Medicine Lake (W) l U.L. Bend (W) l Selway Bitterroot (W) l Craters of the Moon (W) l Sawtooth (W) l Pasayten (W) l North Cascades (NP) l Glacier Peak (W) l Alpine Lakes (W) l Mt. Rainer (NP) l Goat Rocks (W) l Mt. Adams (W) l Olympic (NP) l Mt. Hood (W) l Eagle Cap (W) Hells Canyon (W) l Mt Jefferson (W) l Mt. Washington (W) l Three Sisters (W) Diamond Peak (W) l l l l l Strawberry Mt. (W) l Crater Lake (NP) l Gearhart Mt. (W) Mountain Lakes (W) Kalmiopsis (W) l l l Redwood (NP) l Marble Mt. (W) l Lava Beds (W) l South Warner (W) l Jarbridge (W) l Thousand Lakes (W) l Yolla-Bolly-Middle-Eel (W) l Caribou (W) Desolation (W) l l Pt. Reyes (W) l Mokelumme (W) l Hoover (W) Yosemite (NP) Emigrant (W) Pinnacles (W) l Ventana (W) l Kaiser (W) l l l Sequoia (NP) Ansel Adams (W) l John Muir (W) l Superstition (W) l l Chiricahua (W) l Saguaro (W) l Galiuro (W) l Dome Land (W) l San Rafael (W) l San Gabriel (W) l Kings Canyon (NP) l l Joshua Tree (W) l San Jacinto (W) l San Gorgonio (W) l Cucamonga (W) Lassen Volcanic (NP) l l Bearing Sea (W) Tuxedni (W) l l Denali (NP) l Simeonof (W) l Hawaii Volcanoes (NP) l Haleakala (NP) l Chassahowitzka (W) Map of 156 Mandatory Class I Federal Areas Legend NP= National Park W = Wilderness IP = Int'l Park Teton (W) l Agua Tibia (W) Dolly Sods (W) Great Smoky Mountains (NP) See 40 CFR 81.401-437 for a listing of these areas by State

5. 5 Rate To Achieve Natural Conditions in 60 Years (under § 308) 200420642018 Baseline Natural x x Required Analysis for 1st Implementation Period Ultimate CAA goal (Visibility impairment in Deciviews) Year Example 30 12 Long Term Strategy for Reasonable Progress BART is and independent part of Reasonable Progress

6. 6 Visibility Metrics n Common metrics of haze: visual range, light extinction coefficient, deciview n All are mathematically related n Deciview: uniform changes in haziness correspond to uniform incremental changes in perception across the entire range of possible conditions  Not a feature of visual range or light extinction  A deciview in the east is the same as in the west

7. 7 31 dv 22 dv 13 dv Regional Variation of Visibility Impairment and Contributing Pollutants on 20% Haziest Days 24 dv SULFATENITRATE ORGANICS ELEM. CARBON CRUSTAL 22 dv 18 dv 22 dv

8. 8 Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) : A source is BART eligible if: –Major stationary source, including EGUs –26 PSD categories –Placed into operation: 1962-1977 –Potential to emit 250 tons of any pollutant reasonably anticipated to contribute to regional haze in any Class I area (modeling analysis helps determine cause or contribute)

9. 9 EGU BART UNITS >250 tons/yr. April 20, 2005 OAQPS final version CLASS I AREAS WITH BART ELIGIBLE UNITS 250 TONS/YR AND ABOVE 96 facilities (245 units) -4.5 million TPY SO 2 -1.9 million TPY Nox CAIR - 78 facilities (199units) -4.0 million TPY SO 2 -1.5 million TPY Nox

10. 10 nonEGU (SO2&NOx) BART UNITS >250 tons/yr. April 20, 2005 OAQPS final version CLASS I AREAS WITH BART ELIGIBLE UNITS 250 TONS/YR AND ABOVE SO2 – 1.2 millionTPY NOx – 682 K TPY

11. 11 EGU & nonEGU (SO2&NOx) BART UNITS >250 tons/yr. April 20, 2005 OAQPS final version CLASS I AREAS WITH BART ELIGIBLE UNITS 250 TONS/YR AND ABOVE

12. 12 Determining if a Source is Subject to BART 3 Options: –Individual source assessment –Cumulative assessment of all BART-eligible sources –Assessment based on model plants

13. 13 Subject to BART (cont) 1.Perform source-specific analysis for exemption test: Use CALPUFF or other EPA approved model Compare to natural background “Cause” = impact of 1.0 deciview or more “Contribute” – 0.5 deciview, 24-hour average (State may set lower threshold) Use the 7th highest value over 3 or 5 years depending on the meteorological period modeled Use the estimated 24-hour max. actual emission rate 2.Consider all eligible sources to be subject, based on an analysis of an area’s contribution to visibility impairment -- or demonstrate that no sources are subject, based on cumulative modeling. 3.Develop model plants to exempt sources with common characteristics BART Guidelines provide example model runs

14. 14 If the Source “causes or contributes” to visibility impairment…then Subject to a BART engineering review to determine a control technology to set an emission limit (BART) For each source, State must consider 5 factors: –Controls already in place at the source –Cost of compliance –Remaining useful life –Energy and nonair environmental impacts Visibility Test – the fifth factor –Degree of visibility improvement from use of such technology Note – the control determination (BART) is established based on a review of these five factors

15. 15 Visibility Impacts Degree of visibility improvement expected from controls Run CALPUFF at pre-control and post-control emission rates for SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 Visibility impacts = 7 th highest value of difference of pre- control and post-control runs (use 24-hour maximum actual emission rates and compare to natural conditions) A threshold may be used but is not required and it may be lower than 0.5 ddv. Consider magnitude, frequency, and duration of impacts.

16. 16 Modeling Protocol Needed in all cases regardless of distance Describes how States, RPOs, or Sources will run the model Should involve all stakeholders including States, RPOs, EPA, FLMs We recommend IWAQM as a starting point Flexibility

17. 17 Alternatives to CALPUFF for exemption (Q/D) Criticisms –No accounting for terrain, meteorology, chemistry, 24-hour emission rates May be used to help inform the BART applicability provisions We may consider if there is adequate demonstration that results are equivalent or better than CALPUFF

18. 18 Q & A’s 1.When are the SIPs due? –December 17, 2007 (three years after PM2.5 designation) 2.Explain the de minimis levels (40 TPY for SO2 and NOx and 15 TPY for PM2.5) –Plant wide 3.Is BART pollutant specific? –Yes 4.Explain the threshold level of 0.5 ddv –0.5 or lower for the “subject to BART” step; no threshold for the visibility analysis for the control evaluation

19. 19 Q & A’s (cont.) 4.What about the model plant example in the rule – the 500 TPY/50 km exemption? –Illustrative only 5.Can a source take a permit limit to avoid a BART determination? –Yes

20. 20 Additional Information n Website: www.epa.gov/air/visibility/ n “Draft Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions Under the Regional Haze Program” n “Draft Guidance for Tracking Progress Under the Regional Haze Program” n www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1pgm.html n IMPROVE and website  http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve  Contacts: Todd Hawes (hawes.todd@epa.gov), Kathy Kaufman (kaufman.kathy@epa.gov)  919-541-5591 or 919-541-0102