2. Stream Order

3. Stream Order Characteristics
First Order
Second Order
Very small
Cold, clear, clean
Can jump across them
Start from springs, groundwater
Forested, rocky, steep
Brook trout (PA State fish), only native inland trout, prefer cold, very skittish
Wider- maybe jump, can throw
More water
Warmer water
More fish diversity
Larger fish size
Brown trout tolerate temps (prefer low light)
Sculpins, shiners, daces, fallfish
Can stock rainbows

5. PA Annual Precip.
Pennsylvania receives an average of ______ inches of precipitation each year. Where does that water go?
The total must equal _____.
Evaporation & transpiration ____ inches
Run off ____ inches
Percolation ____ inches
Total _____ inches
41 inches
41 inches 20 6 15
41 inches

6. Land cover

7. 62 Distinct tree areas!
Forest Cover

8. Factors Determining Forests
Temperature, Rainfall and Topography
Plant hardiness zones become harsher as one progresses further north in latitude or higher in elevation
Elevation, slope and the direction a slope faces all effect the microclimate for plants on any site
Water and eroding soil both move down slope with gravity= deeper and moister at the base of the slope
South facing slopes receive more direct sunlight than north facing = warmer and drier.

9. Northern Hardwood 2nd most common
Beech, birch, sugar maple, Canadian hemlock, white pine
If in south, then on northern slopes
Best area for Wild Black Cherry
Understory: moosewood, witch hazel, mountain holly, shadbush (serviceberry)

10. Oak Forest Most of PA Red & white oak, tulip tree, red maple, hickory
On ridges white, black, and chestnut oak
Dense mountain laurel and black huckleberry
In 1904 chesnut blight intro’d in NY, by 1910 PA forests decimated

11. Mixed Mesophytic Forest
Southern PA (common in Smoky Mountains)
Tuliptree, sugar maple, beech, basswood, red oak, cucumber tree, yellow buckeye, Ohio buckeye, white ash, black cherry
Understory: flowering dogwood, pawpaw, umbrella tree, redbud, witch hazel

12. Unique Areas Coastal Plain Forest Peat Moss Areas Serpentinite rock
Near SE Delaware River
Sweetgum, willow oak, southern red oak, sweetbay magnolia,
Peat Moss Areas
Support tamarack, black spruce
Due to glaciation
Serpentinite rock
South central PA
Pitch Pine, VA pine, red cedar, scrub oak, blackjack oak, sassafras
Shale & Limestone Barrens
Drought tolerant
Eastern red cedar, VA pine, Table mountain pine, yellow oak, post oak, hackberry, sumac

13. Unique Areas Beech Maple Forest Riparian Areas
Western edge of PA
Riparian Areas
Periodic flooding
Sycamore, Silver maples, box elder, American elm, slippery elm black willow, green ash, black ash, black walnut, red maple
River birch in east, not west
Pumpkin ash only in Lake Erie Swamp forest

14. Soil Color Oxidation of iron and manganese
Iron- red & yellow
Manganese- black mineral
Organics- black hummus
Aerobic soil is very consistent, while anaerobic is variable, with patterns, and paint-like designs (often rusty)
Deeper soils are lighter, yellower, or redder

15. Munsell Soil Chart http://envirothonpa.org/documents/munsellcharts.pdf
Three parts
Hue (color)
Value (light or dark)
Chroma (color intensity)
Uses: Archeology, crime scenes, carpet manufacturing

16. Bird Calls and Songs Bald Eagle Barn Owl Barred Owl
Black-Capped Chickadee
Blue Jay
Canada Goose
Cardinal
Common Nighthawk
Crow
Dove
Eastern Towhee
Great Blue Heron
Great Horned Owl
House Sparrow
House Wren
Kestrel
Mallard
Meadowlark
Northern Flicker
Osprey
Pheasant
Pileated Woodpecker
Red-Tailed Hawk
Red-winged Blackbird
Ruffed Grouse
Robin
Screech Owl
Wild Turkey
Wood Duck
Wood Thrush
Woodcock