1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tuesday, 9/25/2012 Objective: SWBAT describe populations in various ways. Warm-ups: 1.Have you paid your $25 course fee yet? 2.What is the definition of a species? 3.What is the least popular flavor of Jolly Rancher in this class?

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Ch 5 Evolution, Biodiversity, and Population Ecology Part 1: Foundations of Environmental Science Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. Evolution generates biodiversity Biological Diversity = An area’s sum total of all organisms -The diversity of species -Their genes -Their populations -Their communities Species = a population or group of populations whose members share characteristics and can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspring Population = a group of individuals of a species that live in the same area

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecology is studied at several levels Ecology and evolution are tightly intertwined Biosphere = the total living things on Earth and the areas they inhabit Ecosystem = communities and the nonliving material and forces they interact with Community = interacting species that live in the same area

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of ecological organization Population ecology = investigates the quantitative dynamics of how individuals within a species interact Community ecology = focuses on interactions among species Ecosystem ecology = studies living and nonliving components of systems to reveal patterns -Nutrient and energy flows

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organismal ecology: habitat Habitat = the environment in which an organism lives -Includes living and nonliving elements -Scale-dependent: from square meters to miles Habitat use = each organism thrives in certain habitats, but not in others Habitat selection = the process by which organisms actively select habitats in which to live -Availability and quality of habitat are crucial to an organism’s well-being -Human developments conflict with this process

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organismal ecology: niche Niche = an organism’s use of resources and its functional role in a community -Habitat use, food selection, role in energy and nutrient flow -Interactions with other individuals Specialists = species with narrow niches and very specific requirements -Extremely good at what they do, but vulnerable to change Generalists = species with broad niches that can use a wide array of habitats and resources -Able to live in many different places

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Population characteristics All populations show characteristics that help scientists predict their future dynamics Population size = the number of individual organisms present at a given time -Numbers can increase, decrease, cycle or remain the same

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Population characteristics Population density = the number of individuals within a population per unit area -High densities make it easier to find mates, but increase competition, and vulnerability to predation -Low densities make it harder to find mates, but individuals enjoy plentiful resources and space Density (D) = N/A = Number of organisms/ Area

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Population characteristics Population distribution (dispersion) = spatial arrangement of organisms within an area -Random – haphazardly located individuals, with no pattern -Uniform – individuals are evenly spaced due to territoriality -Clumped – arranged according to availability of resources -Most common in nature

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sex ratio = proportion of males to females -In monogamous species, a 50/50 sex ratio maximizes population growth Age Structure = the relative numbers of organisms of each age within a population -Age structure diagrams (pyramids) = show the age structure of populations Population characteristics

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Birth and death rates Crude birth/death rates = rates per 1000 individuals Survivorship curves = the likelihood of death varies with age -Type I: More deaths at older ages -Type II: Equal number of deaths at all ages -Type III: More deaths at young ages

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four factors of population change Natality = births within the population Mortality = deaths within the population Immigration = arrival of individuals from outside the population Emigration = departure of individuals from the population Growth rate formula = -(Crude birth rate + immigration rate) - (Crude death rate + emigration rate) = Growth rate

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exponential population growth Steady growth rates cause exponential population growth -Something increases by a fixed percent -Graphed as a J-shaped curve Exponential growth cannot be sustained indefinitely -It occurs in nature with a small population and ideal conditions

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Limiting factors restrain growth Limiting factors = physical, chemical and biological characteristics that restrain population growth -Water, space, food, predators, and disease Environmental resistance = All limiting factors taken together

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Population density affects limiting factors Density-dependent factors = limiting factors whose influence is affected by population density - Increased risk of predation and competition for mates occurs with increased density Density-independent factors = limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density -Events such as floods, fires, and landslides

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carrying capacity Carrying capacity = the maximum population size of a species that its environment can sustain -An S-shaped logistic growth curve -Limiting factors slow and stop exponential growth Carrying capacity changes Humans have raised their carrying capacity by decreasing the carrying capacity for other species

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Perfect logistic curves aren’t often found

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings POPULATION GROWTH http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings POPULATION GROWTH

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biotic potential and reproductive strategies vary Biotic potential = the ability of an organism to produce offspring K-selected species = animals with long gestation periods and few offspring -Have a low biotic potential -Stabilize at or near carrying capacity -Good competitors r-selected species = animals which reproduce quickly -Have a high biotic potential -Little parental care

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings K-selected vs. r-selected species

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Population changes affect communities As population in one species declines, other species may appear Human development now displaces other species and threatens biodiversity -As Monteverde dried out, species from lower, drier habitats appeared -But, species from the cloud-forest habitats disappeared

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Challenges to protecting biodiversity Social and economic factors affect species and communities -Nature is viewed as an obstacle to development -Nature is viewed as only a source of resources -Human population growth pressures biodiversity

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Preserving biodiversity Natural parks and protected areas help preserve biodiversity -Often, they are underfunded -Ecotourism brings jobs and money to developing areas

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Which of the following is NOT a part of the process of natural selection? a) Organisms struggle to survive b)Organisms limit the number of young they produce c) Individuals vary in their genetic characteristics d)Some individuals are better suited to their environment than others

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Disruptive selection would result in which of the following? a)Dogs with black coats evolving whiter coats in colder areas b)Red and white flowers interbreeding, producing pink flowers c)Fish evolving bigger eyes as the water gets muddier d)A population of birds, some with thicker beaks that eat seeds and others with thinner beaks that eat insects

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Biological diversity includes all of the following, except: a)Species diversity b)Genetic diversity c)Population diversity d)Community diversity e)All of these are included in the concept of biodiversity

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Sympatric speciation would occur in.... a) One population that mates in May, and another that mates in June b) Two populations separated by the Mississippi River c) Two populations separated by a glacier d) Two populations separated by the Rocky Mountains

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Which of these species is least vulnerable to extinction? a) A species with a population size of 50 individuals b) A species distributed throughout the United States c) A species that eats only river snails d) A species that lives on mountaintops

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review An ecosystem is defined as: a) The total living things on Earth b) Members of the same population that can interbreed c) Interacting species in an area d) Species and the nonliving material they interact with

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Viewpoints Should we care whether a species goes extinct? a)Yes, because all life is important and valuable b)Yes, because we are causing this wave of extinction, so we should fix it c)We should not, because it’s natural d)I don’t care; it really does not affect me

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Viewpoints Do you think humans are subject to limiting factors and, ultimately, a fixed carrying capacity? a)Yes, although we have raised the carrying capacity, there are limits to the number of humans the Earth can support b)Yes, but technology will keep raising the carrying capacity, so it’s not much of a problem c)No, humans are no longer constrained by environmental limits, due to our technology and ability to manipulate the environment d)I don’t care; it really does not affect me

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Which of the following graphs shows a population that will have fewer individuals in the future? (a)(c)(b)(d)

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Which type of distribution is a result of individuals guarding their territory? a) Random b) Uniform c) Clumped d) None of these

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data What does this graph show? a)The effects of carrying capacity on population growth b)A population that keeps growing c)The effects of exponential growth d)The effects of increasing carrying capacity