1. The Russian Revolution and the End of World War I

2. Fall of the Czar War - huge burden on Russia –Heavy losses, few supplies, inadequate training, incompetent leaders Czar Nicholas II (Romanov) Alexandra – influenced by Rasputin, claimed to be holy man, cured son’s hemophilia Riots, demonstrations Rasputin assassinated 1917 – Nicholas II abdicates his throne (steps down) –Ends 300 year dynasty

3. The Provisional Government Provisional government created – Alexander Kerensky Soviets – councils of workers and soldiers Duma - legislature Provisional gov’t did not withdraw from war, angered Russian people

4. Lenin Bolsheviks – small, radical Marxist group that wanted to bring socialism through force Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) leader Enemy of tsarist Russia, exiled Germans helped him return in 1917 to lead Bolsheviks Promised to take Russia out of the war

5. The Bolshevik Revolution “Peace, Bread, Land” Bolsheviks overthrow provisional government in November, 1917 Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; Russia withdraws from war; loses lots of territory Set-up Communist nation –Ended private ownership of property –Wanted to spread movement around the world

6. Civil War Reds – Communists (Lenin and Trotsky) Whites – wanted to get rid of Communists (supported by allied powers) Three years of fighting destroys nation Red army led by Leon Trotsky well organized, disciplined Whites – no common goal, mixture of various groups

7. Joseph Stalin Lenin dies 1924 Power struggle Trotsky, Stalin Trotsky ends up dead in Mexico Stalin’s regime –Brutal dictatorship –KGB – secret police; terror and murder –5 year industrialization plans – forced labor –Work camps, people disappeared –Collective farms –Propaganda, oppression

9. Civil War The Terror –Lenin uses “war communism” –1918 – killed czar and his family –Cheka arrested anyone accused of being an “enemy of the revolution” –Restricted religion By 1921, Lenin had entire country under Communist control Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)

10. Ending of World War I 1917-1918 – Russia withdrew at the same time as the U.S. enters –Provided supplies and men –Convoy system in Atlantic Fighting on Western front still a stalemate Total War –All people and resources in the war effort

11. Ending of World War I Allies push Germans back to border Ottoman Empire asks for peace Austria-Hungary defeated by Italy November 11, 1918 armistice signed Austria-Hungary replaced with independent republics (Austria, Czech, Hung, Yug)

12. Peace Settlement Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan: Fourteen Points No alliances, reduction of armaments, self- determination of nations Saw new world order based on democracy and international cooperation Very different mood at the peace table…..

13. Versailles 1919 (France) “Big Four” –Lloyd George (GB) –Clemenceau (France) –Wilson (US) –Orlando (Italy) France wanted revenge; crush Germany, remove threat forever, payments

14. The Treaty Harsh treatment of Germany “War Guilt” clause – had to accept blame for war Reparations ($ compensation) for the war ($56 billion) Reduce army to 100,000, reduce navy, no air force Demilitarized or “buffer” zone created

15. The Treaty League of Nations created – peacekeeping organization New nations out of old empires (Germany, Austria, etc.) Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia U.S. fails to join League – weakens it U.S. and G.B. withdraw from Europe leaving France to stand alone; tensions, revenge WWII is only 20 years away!

16. Allied Powers Russian Empire12,000,0001,700,0004,950,0002,500,00076 France8,410,0001,357,8004,266,000537,00073 British Empire8,904,500908,4002,090,200191,70036 Italy5,615,000650,000947,000600,00039 United States4,355,000126,000234,3004,5008 Romania750,000335,700120,00080,00071 Serbia707,30045,000133,100153,00047 Belgium267,00013,70044,70034,70035 Greece230,0005,00021,0001,00012 Portugal100,0007,00013,80012,30033 Montenegro50,0003,00010,0007,00040 Central Powers Germany11,000,0001,773,7004,216,1001,152,80065 Austria-Hungary7,800,0001,200,0003,620,0002,200,00090 Ottoman Empire2,850,000325,000400,000250,00034 Bulgaria1,200,00087,500152,40027,00022 CountryMen MobilizedDeadInjuredMissing/Prisone rs %

18. Effects of the War Post war period made worse by flu epidemic in 1918 Killed millions Came on the heels of a devastating war End of war spelled end of economic opportunities for women and African Americans Inflation (rising prices), demand for consumer goods high, supply low, farm prices fell; wages fell, strikes often turned violent

19. The Red Scare Fear of radicals, communists, “Reds” Feared labor unions because of this Wave of fear gripped country Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer – raids on radicals (Palmer raids); many were simply immigrants; deported ACLU formed in response (fear of losing civil rights)

20. Sacco & Vanzetti Italian immigrants charged with murder Quick trial, guilty without much evidence Executed Belief that it was due to the fear of immigrants, anarchists, labor, socialism Eventually dies down as America returns to “normalcy.”

21. Normalcy cont. 1920 – Warren G. Harding (Rep) rejects Wilson’s idealism, progressive reforms; wants a return to a simpler time before the war; landslide victory (Congress too) America now the most industrialized nation in the world; “quiet American giant”

22. New Order – effects of WWI German, Russian monarchies toppled Ottoman & Austria-Hungarian empires gone GB and France emerge victorious but politically & economically weakened U.S. emerges strong & prosperous A 500 year old world order of monarchies, empires, etc. had crumbled in 4 years What would be the role of America and other nations?????